Nonideal battery and main memory effects on CPU speed-setting for low power
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low power electronics and design
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
The benefits of event: driven energy accounting in power-sensitive systems
EW 9 Proceedings of the 9th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: beyond the PC: new challenges for the operating system
Process cruise control: event-driven clock scaling for dynamic power management
CASES '02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
PowerScope: A Tool for Profiling the Energy Usage of Mobile Applications
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Energy Is Just Another Resource: Energy Accounting and Energy Pricing in the Nemesis OS
HOTOS '01 Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Characterizing and Predicting Program Behavior and its Variability
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques
Cooperative I/O: a novel I/O semantics for energy-aware applications
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Power prediction for intel XScale® processors using performance monitoring unit events
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Runtime identification of microprocessor energy saving opportunities
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite
WWC '01 Proceedings of the Workload Characterization, 2001. WWC-4. 2001 IEEE International Workshop
FAST: Frequency-aware static timing analysis
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Combining compiler and operating system support for energy efficient I/O on embedded platforms
SCOPES '05 Proceedings of the 2005 workshop on Software and compilers for embedded systems
Currentcy: a unifying abstraction for expressing energy management policies
ATEC '03 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Policies for dynamic clock scheduling
OSDI'00 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Symposium on Operating System Design & Implementation - Volume 4
Scheduling for reduced CPU energy
OSDI '94 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
CLIPPER: Counter-based Low Impact Processor Power Estimation at Run-time
ASP-DAC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Software-controlled processor speed setting for low-power streaming multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
The role of virtualization in embedded systems
Proceedings of the 1st workshop on Isolation and integration in embedded systems
EMSOFT '08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Koala: a platform for OS-level power management
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
Achieving viewing time scalability in mobile video streaming using scalable video coding
MMSys '10 Proceedings of the first annual ACM SIGMM conference on Multimedia systems
WattApp: an application aware power meter for shared data centers
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Autonomic computing
Power-aware temporal isolation with variable-bandwidth servers
EMSOFT '10 Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
PCFS: Power Credit Based Fair Scheduler Under DVFS for Muliticore Virtualization Platform
GREENCOM-CPSCOM '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing
Energy efficiency for large-scale MapReduce workloads with significant interactive analysis
Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems
Determine energy-saving potential in wait-states of large-scale parallel programs
Computer Science - Research and Development
Measuring energy consumption for short code paths using RAPL
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Power monitoring for mixed-criticality on a many-core platform
ARCS'13 Proceedings of the 26th international conference on Architecture of Computing Systems
Systematic Energy Characterization of CMP/SMT Processor Systems via Automated Micro-Benchmarks
MICRO-45 Proceedings of the 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Towards energy-proportional computing for enterprise-class server workloads
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering
eBond: energy saving in heterogeneous R.A.I.N
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Future energy systems
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Minimising energy use is an important factor in the operation of many classes of embedded systems - in particular, battery-powered devices. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) provides some control over a processor's performance and energy consumption. In order to employ DVFS for managing a system's energy use, it is necessary to predict the effect this scaling has on the system's total energy consumption. Simple (yet widely-used) energy models lead to dramatically incorrect results for important classes of application programs. Predicting the energy used under scaling requires (i) a prediction of the dependency of program performance (and hence duration of execution) on the frequencies and (ii) a prediction of the power drawn by the execution as a function of the frequencies and voltages. As both of these characteristics are workload-specific our approach builds a model that, given a workload execution at one frequency setpoint, will predict the run-time and power at any other frequency setpoint. We assume temporal locality (which is valid for the vast majority of applications) so predicting the characteristics of one time slice, frame, or other instance of a task, will imply the characteristics of subsequent time slices, frames or instances (e.g. MPEG video decoding). We present a systematic approach to building these models for a hardware platform, determining the best performance counters and weights. This characterisation, done once for a particular platform, produces platform-specific but workload-independent performance and power models. We implemented the model on a real system and evaluated it under a comprehensive benchmark suite against measurements of the actual energy consumption. The results show that the model can accurately predict the energy use of a wide class of applications and is highly responsive to changes in the application behaviour.