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Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Elastic Scheduling for Flexible Workload Management
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
Power optimization of real-time embedded systems on variable speed processors
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Profile-Based Dynamic Voltage Scheduling Using Program Checkpoints
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Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Dynamic and Aggressive Scheduling Techniques for Power-Aware Real-Time Systems
RTSS '01 Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Sporadic Tasks
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Dynamic Integrated Scheduling of Hard Real-Time, Soft Real-Time and Non-Real-Time Processes
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Periodic Resource Model for Compositional Real-Time Guarantees
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Voltage-Clock-Scaling Adaptive Scheduling Techniques for Low Power in Hard Real-Time Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Resource Reservation in Dynamic Real-Time Systems
Real-Time Systems
Dynamic voltage scaling of periodic and aperiodic tasks in priority-driven systems
Proceedings of the 2004 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
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Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Balancing Energy vs. Performance in Processors with DiscreteVoltage/Frequency Modes
RTCSA '06 Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Accurate on-line prediction of processor and memoryenergy usage under voltage scaling
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
Koala: a platform for OS-level power management
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RTAS '10 Proceedings of the 2010 16th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
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Variable-bandwidth servers (VBS) control process execution speed by allocating variable CPU bandwidth to processes. VBS enables temporal isolation of EDF-scheduled processes in the sense that the variance in CPU throughput and latency of each process is bounded independently of any other concurrently running processes. In this paper we aim at reducing CPU power consumption with VBS by CPU voltage and frequency scaling while maintaining temporal isolation. Scaling to lower frequencies is possible whenever there is CPU slack in the system. We first show that, in the presence of CPU slack, frequency scaling of EDF-scheduled, possibly non-periodic tasks (as they arise with VBS) is safe up to full CPU utilization and propose a frequency-scaling VBS algorithm that exploits CPU slack to minimize operating frequencies with maximal CPU utilization while maintaining temporal isolation. Additional power may be saved by redistributing computation time of individual processes while still maintaining temporal isolation if the system has knowledge of future events. We introduce an offline algorithm as an optimal baseline and an online algorithm that approximates the baseline. While the offline algorithm works for various, possibly complex power consumption models, the online algorithm may reduce power consumption only for a simplified power consumption model by reducing the CPU utilization jitter in the system.