Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU
MobiCom '95 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The design of a high performance low power microprocessor
ISLPED '96 Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A 160-MHz, 32-b, 0.5-W CMOS RISC microprocessor
Digital Technical Journal
The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Pulsed battery discharge in communication devices
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Quantifying the energy consumption of a pocket computer and a Java virtual machine
Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Voltage scheduling in the IpARM microprocessor system
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Balancing batteries, power, and performance: system issues in cpu speed-setting for mobile computing
Balancing batteries, power, and performance: system issues in cpu speed-setting for mobile computing
Improving dynamic voltage scaling algorithms with PACE
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Dynamic voltage scaling on a low-power microprocessor
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Automatic performance setting for dynamic voltage scaling
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Integration of dynamic voltage scaling and soft real-time scheduling for open mobile systems
NOSSDAV '02 Proceedings of the 12th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
On the need for system-level support for ad hoc and sensor networks
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Energy-conscious compilation based on voltage scaling
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems
Energy-conserving feedback EDF scheduling for embedded systems with real-time constraints
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
Using variable-MHz microprocessors to efficiently handle uncertainty in real-time systems
Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Saving energy with architectural and frequency adaptations for multimedia applications
Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Contents provider-assisted dynamic voltage scaling for low energy multimedia applications
Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A case for dynamic pipeline scaling
CASES '02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Automatic performance setting for dynamic voltage scaling
Wireless Networks
ECOSystem: managing energy as a first class operating system resource
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler algorithm for CPU energy reduction
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
An Integrated Approach for Applying Dynamic Voltage Scaling to Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Energy Efficient Scheduling for Datapath Synthesis
VLSID '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on VLSI Design
Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
MANTIS: system support for multimodAl NeTworks of in-situ sensors
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Variable voltage task scheduling algorithms for minimizing energy/power
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
A control-theoretic approach to dynamic voltage scheduling
Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
Power-aware QoS Management in Web Servers
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Application-directed voltage scaling
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special section on low power
Task Feasibility Analysis and Dynamic Voltage Scaling in Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Embedded Systems
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 2
Exploiting Processor Workload Heterogeneity for Reducing Energy Consumption in Chip Multiprocessors
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 2
Blocking-aware processor voltage scheduling for real-time tasks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Off-chip latency-driven dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for an MPEG decoding
Proceedings of the 41st annual Design Automation Conference
PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Practical voltage scaling for mobile multimedia devices
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Exploring the Energy-Time Tradeoff in MPI Programs on a Power-Scalable Cluster
IPDPS '05 Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'05) - Papers - Volume 01
GLSVLSI '05 Proceedings of the 15th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Energy-efficient datapath scheduling using multiple voltages and dynamic clocking
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Scheduling for heterogeneous processors in server systems
Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Computing frontiers
Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Energy-efficient policies for embedded clusters
LCTES '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Feedback EDF scheduling exploiting hardware-assisted asynchronous dynamic voltage scaling
LCTES '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Using multiple energy gears in MPI programs on a power-scalable cluster
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Design and implementation of a single system image operating system for ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
AutoDVS: an automatic, general-purpose, dynamic clock scheduling system for hand-held devices
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Chameleon: application level power management with performance isolation
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
A Power-Aware Run-Time System for High-Performance Computing
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Just In Time Dynamic Voltage Scaling: Exploiting Inter-Node Slack to Save Energy in MPI Programs
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
GRACE-1: Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Quality and Battery Energy
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
PowerNap: An Efficient Power Management Scheme for Mobile Devices
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
High-level power management of embedded systems with application-specific energy cost functions
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Signature-based workload estimation for mobile 3D graphics
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Energy-efficient CPU scheduling for multimedia applications
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
MANTIS OS: an embedded multithreaded operating system for wireless micro sensor platforms
Mobile Networks and Applications
Energy-efficient, utility accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Dynamic Power Optimization Targeting User Delays in Interactive Systems
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
A Novel Penalty Controllable Dynamic Voltage Scaling Scheme for Mobile Multimedia Applications
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Energy adaptation for multimedia information kiosks
EMSOFT '06 Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software
Operating System Modifications for Task-Based Speed and Voltage
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
Energy management for interactive applications in mobile handheld systems
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Currentcy: a unifying abstraction for expressing energy management policies
ATEC '03 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
DVSleak: combining leakage reduction and voltage scaling in feedback EDF scheduling
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Energy optimal speed control of a producer--consumer device pair
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
PROPHET: speculative load prediction algorithm for dynamic performance scaling
IWCMC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Wireless communications and mobile computing
Energy efficient online deadline scheduling
SODA '07 Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Accurate on-line prediction of processor and memoryenergy usage under voltage scaling
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
Integrating concurrency control and energy management in device drivers
Proceedings of twenty-first ACM SIGOPS symposium on Operating systems principles
Utility Accrual Real-Time Scheduling Under the Unimodal Arbitrary Arrival Model with Energy Bounds
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Exploiting synchronous and asynchronous DVS for feedback EDF scheduling on an embedded platform
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
NWSLite: A general-purpose, nonparametric prediction utility for embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Bounding energy consumption in large-scale MPI programs
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
TSB: A DVS algorithm with quick response for general purpose operating systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Asynchronous control of modules activity in integrated systems for reducing peak temperatures
Integration, the VLSI Journal
QDSL: a queuing model for systems with differential service levels
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Software-directed combined cpu/link voltage scaling fornoc-based cmps
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Competitive non-migratory scheduling for flow time and energy
Proceedings of the twentieth annual symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures
Energy-aware server provisioning and load dispatching for connection-intensive internet services
NSDI'08 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
Just-in-time dynamic voltage scaling: Exploiting inter-node slack to save energy in MPI programs
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Speed Scaling Functions for Flow Time Scheduling Based on Active Job Count
ESA '08 Proceedings of the 16th annual European symposium on Algorithms
Optimizing dynamic performance scaling for user interface performance
Mobility '08 Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems
Koala: a platform for OS-level power management
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
Extended MPEG Video Format for Efficient Dynamic Voltage Scaling
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
Non-clairvoyant speed scaling for batched parallel jobs on multiprocessors
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Computing frontiers
Transaction-based adaptive dynamic voltage scaling for interactive applications
Proceedings of the 14th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Optimizing throughput and energy in online deadline scheduling
ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG)
Online deadline scheduling with bounded energy efficiency
TAMC'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Theory and applications of models of computation
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for scientific applications
LCPC'01 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Languages and compilers for parallel computing
Energy efficient deadline scheduling in two processor systems
ISAAC'07 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Algorithms and computation
Deadline scheduling and power management for speed bounded processors
Theoretical Computer Science
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
ElasticTree: saving energy in data center networks
NSDI'10 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation
Parametric timing analysis and its application to dynamic voltage scaling
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Analysis of integrated circuits thermal dynamics with point heating time
Microelectronics Journal
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Energy-aware wireless systems with adaptive power-fidelity tradeoffs
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Speed scaling for energy and performance with instantaneous parallelism
TAPAS'11 Proceedings of the First international ICST conference on Theory and practice of algorithms in (computer) systems
ThermoCast: a cyber-physical forecasting model for datacenters
Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Design of a hard real-time multi-core testbed for energy measurement
Microelectronics Journal
Journal of Systems and Software
CPU packing for multiprocessor power reduction
PACS'03 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Power - Aware Computer Systems
The synergy between power-aware memory systems and processor voltage scaling
PACS'03 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Power - Aware Computer Systems
Improved multi-processor scheduling for flow time and energy
Journal of Scheduling
Effective dynamic voltage scaling through CPU-Boundedness detection
PACS'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Power-Aware Computer Systems
Power consumption in enterprise-scale backup storage systems
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
An experimental evaluation of real-time DVFS scheduling algorithms
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
AutoScale: Dynamic, Robust Capacity Management for Multi-Tier Data Centers
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Fix the code. Don't tweak the hardware: A new compiler approach to Voltage-Frequency scaling
Proceedings of Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization
An asymmetric dual-processor architecture for low-power information appliances
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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Pocket computers are beginning to emerge that provide sufficient processing capability and memory capacity to run traditional desktop applications and operating systems on them. The increasing demand placed on these systems by software is competing against the continuing trend in the design of low-power microprocessors towards increasing the amount of computation per unit of energy. Consequently, in spite of advances in low-power circuit design, the microprocessor is likely to continue to account for a significant portion of the overall power consumption of pocket computers. This paper investigates clock scaling algorithms on the Itsy, an experimental pocket computer that runs a complete, functional multitasking operating system (a version of Linux 2.0.30). We implemented a number of clock scaling algorithms that are used to adjust the processor speed to reduce the power used by the processor. After testing these algorithms, we conclude that currently proposed algorithms consistently fail to achieve their goal of saving power while not causing user applications to change their interactive behavior.