Designing the user interface (2nd ed.): strategies for effective human-computer interaction
Designing the user interface (2nd ed.): strategies for effective human-computer interaction
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Performance of a software MPEG video decoder
MULTIMEDIA '93 Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia
Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU
MobiCom '95 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Scheduling computer and manufacturing processes
Scheduling computer and manufacturing processes
The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
The impact of battery capacity and memory bandwidth on CPU speed-setting: a case study
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Energy-aware adaptation for mobile applications
Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Soft timers: efficient microsecond software timer support for network processing
Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Design issues for dynamic voltage scaling
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Trace-driven modeling and analysis of CPU scheduling in a multiprogramming system
Communications of the ACM
Apple Macintosh's Energy Consumption
IEEE Micro
A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
Policies for dynamic clock scheduling
OSDI'00 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Symposium on Operating System Design & Implementation - Volume 4
Dynamic voltage scaling on a low-power microprocessor
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Integration of dynamic voltage scaling and soft real-time scheduling for open mobile systems
NOSSDAV '02 Proceedings of the 12th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
Energy-conserving feedback EDF scheduling for embedded systems with real-time constraints
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
Using variable-MHz microprocessors to efficiently handle uncertainty in real-time systems
Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Saving energy with architectural and frequency adaptations for multimedia applications
Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Power-aware video decoding using real-time event handlers
WOWMOM '02 Proceedings of the 5th ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile multimedia
A case for dynamic pipeline scaling
CASES '02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Automatic performance setting for dynamic voltage scaling
Wireless Networks
The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler algorithm for CPU energy reduction
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Compile-time dynamic voltage scaling settings: opportunities and limits
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Power management points in power-aware real-time systems
Power aware computing
An Integrated Approach for Applying Dynamic Voltage Scaling to Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Uncertainty-based scheduling: energy-efficient ordering for tasks with variable execution time
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Self-tuning wireless network power management
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Maximizing rewards for real-time applications with energy constraints
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Power-aware QoS Management in Web Servers
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Practical lazy scheduling in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Application-directed voltage scaling
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special section on low power
The Interplay of Power Management and Fault Recovery in Real-Time Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Power-Aware Scheduling for Periodic Real-Time Tasks
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Managing battery lifetime with energy-aware adaptation
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Managing battery lifetime with energy-aware adaptation
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Adaptive scheduling server for power-aware real-time tasks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Blocking-aware processor voltage scheduling for real-time tasks
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PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Preemption-aware dynamic voltage scaling in hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Maximizing the system value while satisfying time and energy constraints
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Using resource reservation techniques for power-aware scheduling
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Practical PACE for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Energy-efficient, utility accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Intraprogram dynamic voltage scaling: Bounding opportunities with analytic modeling
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
Formal online methods for voltage/frequency control in multiple clock domain microprocessors
ASPLOS XI Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Practical voltage scaling for mobile multimedia devices
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Optimal Lexicographic Shaping of Aggregate Streaming Data
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Dynamic Task-Level Voltage Scheduling Optimizations
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Using multiple energy gears in MPI programs on a power-scalable cluster
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Coordinated, distributed, formal energy management of chip multiprocessors
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Efficient behavior-driven runtime dynamic voltage scaling policies
CODES+ISSS '05 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
AutoDVS: an automatic, general-purpose, dynamic clock scheduling system for hand-held devices
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Minimizing expected energy in real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software
A Power-Aware Run-Time System for High-Performance Computing
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Power reduction techniques for microprocessor systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Shortest-path algorithms for real-time scheduling of FIFO tasks with minimal energy use
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Dynamic voltage scaling for multitasking real-time systems with uncertain execution time
GLSVLSI '06 Proceedings of the 16th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Dynamic voltage scaling techniques for power efficient video decoding
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Self-tuning wireless network power management
Wireless Networks - Special issue: Selected papers from ACM MobiCom 2003
Energy-efficient CPU scheduling for multimedia applications
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Energy-efficient, utility accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Dynamic Power Optimization Targeting User Delays in Interactive Systems
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Operating System Modifications for Task-Based Speed and Voltage
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
Design and implementation of power-aware virtual memory
ATEC '03 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Energy efficient DVS schedule for fixed-priority real-time systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Energy-aware scheduling for real-time multiprocessor systems with uncertain task execution time
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference
Dynamic voltage scaling under EDF revisited
Real-Time Systems
A unified practical approach to stochastic DVS scheduling
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
Utility Accrual Real-Time Scheduling Under the Unimodal Arbitrary Arrival Model with Energy Bounds
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Energy-Efficient Wireless Packet Scheduling with Quality of Service Control
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Minimizing expected energy consumption in real-time systems through dynamic voltage scaling
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Energy efficient scheduling for parallel applications on mobile clusters
Cluster Computing
Bounding energy consumption in large-scale MPI programs
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Dynamic Workloads
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Stochastic DVS-based dynamic power management for soft real-time systems
Microprocessors & Microsystems
QDSL: a queuing model for systems with differential service levels
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Software-directed combined cpu/link voltage scaling fornoc-based cmps
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Energy-aware server provisioning and load dispatching for connection-intensive internet services
NSDI'08 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
Meeting points: using thread criticality to adapt multicore hardware to parallel regions
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
System-level thermal aware design of applications with uncertain execution time
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Energy-Saving DVFS Scheduling of Multiple Periodic Real-Time Tasks on Multi-core Processors
DS-RT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 13th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications
Minimizing expected energy consumption through optimal integration of DVS and DPM
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
A probabilistic and energy-efficient scheduling approach for online application in real-time systems
Proceedings of the 47th Design Automation Conference
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
Temperature-aware integrated DVFS and power gating for executing tasks with runtime distribution
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
An analytical dynamic scaling of supply voltage and body bias exploiting memory stall time variation
Proceedings of the 2010 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Reactive power management for distributed systems
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
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Energy-Efficient Scheduling on Milliclusters with Performance Constraints
GREENCOM '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications
Future Generation Computer Systems
The synergy between power-aware memory systems and processor voltage scaling
PACS'03 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Power - Aware Computer Systems
Effective dynamic voltage scaling through CPU-Boundedness detection
PACS'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Power-Aware Computer Systems
A global optimal scheduling algorithm for multiprocessor low-power platforms
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems
Power Aware Meta Scheduler for Adaptive VM Provisioning in IaaS Cloud
International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing
Energy and transition-aware runtime task scheduling for multicore processors
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Fix the code. Don't tweak the hardware: A new compiler approach to Voltage-Frequency scaling
Proceedings of Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization
Hierarchical genetic-based grid scheduling with energy optimization
Cluster Computing
Security, energy, and performance-aware resource allocation mechanisms for computational grids
Future Generation Computer Systems
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This paper addresses algorithms for dynamically varying (scaling) CPU speed and voltage in order to save energy. Such scaling is useful and effective when it is immaterial when a task completes, as long as it meets some deadline. We show how to modify any scaling algorithm to keep performance the same but minimize expected energy consumption. We refer to our approach as PACE (Processor Acceleration to Conserve Energy) since the resulting schedule increases speed as the task progresses. Since PACE depends on the probability distribution of the task's work requirement, we present methods for estimating this distribution and evaluate these methods on a variety of real workloads. We also show how to approximate the optimal schedule with one that changes speed a limited number of times. Using PACE causes very little additional overhead, and yields substantial reductions in CPU energy consumption. Simulations using real workloads show it reduces the CPU energy consumption of previously published algorithms by up to 49.5%, with an average of 20.6%, without any effect on performance.