Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
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Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
Introduction to Algorithms
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PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
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FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Performance Comparison of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms for Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '02 Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS'02)
Practical Voltage-Scaling for Fixed-Priority RT-Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
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SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Energy-Efficient Policies for Request-Driven Soft Real-Time Systems
ECRTS '04 Proceedings of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Practical PACE for embedded systems
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Optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
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ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Minimizing expected energy in real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Expected system energy consumption minimization in leakage-aware DVS systems
Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Energy-efficiency for multiframe real-time tasks on a dynamic voltage scaling processor
CODES+ISSS '09 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
A probabilistic and energy-efficient scheduling approach for online application in real-time systems
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Energy efficient multiprocessor task scheduling under input-dependent variation
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Optimal DPM and DVFS for frame-based real-time systems
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) - Special Issue on High-Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers
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This paper deals with energy-aware real-time system scheduling using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) for energy-constrained embedded systems that execute variable and unpredictable workloads. The goal is to design DVS schemes to minimize the expected energy consumption of the whole system while meeting the deadlines of the tasks. Researchers have attempted to take advantage of stochastic information about workloads to achieve better energy savings, and accordingly, various stochastic DVS schemes have been proposed. However, the existing stochastic DVS schemes are based on much simplified power models that assume unrestricted continuous frequency, well-defined power/frequency relation, and no speed change overhead. When these schemes are used in practice, they need to be patched in order to comply with realistic power models. Experiments show that some of such DVS schemes perform even worse than certain non-stochastic DVS schemes. Furthermore, even for stochastic schemes that were shown experimentally to outperform non-stochastic schemes, it is not clear how well they perform compared to the optimal solution, which is yet to be found. In this work, we provide a unified practical approach for obtaining optimal (or provably close to optimal) stochastic inter-task, intra-task, and hybrid DVS schemes under realistic power models in which the processor only provides a set of discrete speeds, no assumption is made on power/frequency relation, and speed change overhead is considered. We also evaluate the existing DVS schemes by comparing them with our DVS schemes.