Some Results of the Earliest Deadline Scheduling Algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Calculating the maximum, execution time of real-time programs
Real-Time Systems
Predicting program execution times by analyzing static and dynamic program paths
Real-Time Systems - Special issue: Real-time languages and language-level timing tools and analysis
Pipelined processors and worst case execution times
Real-Time Systems
Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU
MobiCom '95 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage processor
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Timing Analysis for Instruction Caches
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on worst-case execution-time analysis
LEneS: task scheduling for low-energy systems using variable supply voltage processors
Proceedings of the 2001 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Improving dynamic voltage scaling algorithms with PACE
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Energy-conserving feedback EDF scheduling for embedded systems with real-time constraints
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems
Control-theoretic dynamic frequency and voltage scaling for multimedia workloads
CASES '02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Power optimization of real-time embedded systems on variable speed processors
Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Intra-Task Voltage Scheduling for Low-Energy, Hard Real-Time Applications
IEEE Design & Test
Voltage-Clock-Scaling Adaptive Scheduling Techniques for Low Power in Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '00 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Real Time Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS 2000)
An Integrated Approach for Applying Dynamic Voltage Scaling to Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Practical Voltage-Scaling for Fixed-Priority RT-Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Voltage-Clock Scaling for Low Energy Consumption in Real-Time Embedded Systems
RTCSA '99 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Efficient microarchitecture modeling and path analysis for real-time software
RTSS '95 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Integrating the timing analysis of pipelining and instruction caching
RTSS '95 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Cache modeling for real-time software: beyond direct mapped instruction caches
RTSS '96 Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Synthesis Techniques for Low-Power Hard Real-Time Systems on Variable Voltage Processors
RTSS '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Design and Evaluation of a Feedback Control EDF Scheduling Algorithm
RTSS '99 Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Processor Voltage Scheduling for Real-Time Tasks with Non-Preemptible Sections
RTSS '02 Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
A Fast Resource Synthesis Technique for Energy-Efficient Real-Time Systems
RTSS '02 Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Dynamic and Aggressive Scheduling Techniques for Power-Aware Real-Time Systems
RTSS '01 Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Feedback EDF Scheduling Exploiting Dynamic Voltage Scaling
RTAS '04 Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Dynamic Workloads
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Optimal speed scaling under arbitrary power functions
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
System-level power management using online learning
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Analysis of dynamic voltage scaling for system level energy management
HotPower'08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Power aware computing and systems
Quasi-static voltage scaling for energy minimization with time constraints
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
Exploiting intra-task slack time of load operations for DVFS in hard real-time multi-core systems
ACM SIGBED Review - Work-in-Progress (WiP) Session of the 23rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2011)
Identifying the optimal energy-efficient operating points of parallel workloads
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Optimizing quality of service in real-time systems under energy constraints
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Extending a multicore multithread simulator to model power-aware hard real-time systems
ICA3PP'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing - Volume Part II
Power-aware speed scaling in processor sharing systems: Optimality and robustness
Performance Evaluation
Evaluation of Low-Power Computing when Operating on Subsets of Multicore Processors
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
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Many embedded systems are constrained by limits on power consumption, which are reflected in the design and implementation for conserving their energy utilization. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has become a promising method for embedded systems to exploit multiple voltage and frequency levels and to prolong their battery life. However, pure DVS techniques do not perform well for systems with dynamic workloads where the job execution times vary significantly. In this paper, we present a novel approach combining feedback control with DVS schemes targeting hard real-time systems with dynamic workloads. Our method relies strictly on operating system support by integrating a DVS scheduler and a feedback controller within the earliest-deadline-first (EDF) scheduling algorithm. Each task is divided into two portions. The objective within the first portion is to exploit frequency scaling for the average execution time. Static and dynamic slack is accumulated for each task with slack-passing and preemption handling schemes. The objective within the second portion is to meet the hard real-time deadline requirements up to the worst-case execution time following a last-chance approach. Feedback control techniques make the system capable of selecting the right frequency and voltage settings for the first portion, as well as guaranteeing hard real-time requirements for the overall task. A feedback control model is given to describe our feedback DVS scheduler, which is used to analyze the system's stability. Simulation experiments demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to save up to 29% more energy than previous work for task sets with different dynamic workload characteristics.