Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
Computational geometry: an introduction
Computational geometry: an introduction
Embedded program timing analysis based on path clustering and architecture classification
ICCAD '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Design issues for dynamic voltage scaling
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Improving dynamic voltage scaling algorithms with PACE
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
Introduction to Algorithms
Intra-Task Voltage Scheduling for Low-Energy, Hard Real-Time Applications
IEEE Design & Test
The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler algorithm for CPU energy reduction
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Compile-time dynamic voltage scaling settings: opportunities and limits
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Performance Comparison of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms for Hard Real-Time Systems
RTAS '02 Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS'02)
Collaborative Operating System and Compiler Power Management for Real-Time Applications
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Practical Voltage-Scaling for Fixed-Priority RT-Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Synthesis Techniques for Low-Power Hard Real-Time Systems on Variable Voltage Processors
RTSS '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Dynamic Voltage Scheduling Using Adaptive Filtering of Workload Traces
VLSID '01 Proceedings of the The 14th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID '01)
Uncertainty-based scheduling: energy-efficient ordering for tasks with variable execution time
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic and Aggressive Scheduling Techniques for Power-Aware Real-Time Systems
RTSS '01 Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Operating systems techniques for reducing processor energy consumption
Operating systems techniques for reducing processor energy consumption
Energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Feedback EDF Scheduling Exploiting Dynamic Voltage Scaling
RTAS '04 Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Energy-Efficient Policies for Request-Driven Soft Real-Time Systems
ECRTS '04 Proceedings of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Practical PACE for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Power prediction for intel XScale® processors using performance monitoring unit events
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Minimizing expected energy in real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
Operating System Modifications for Task-Based Speed and Voltage
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
A unified approach to variable voltage scheduling for nonideal DVS processors
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
EMSOFT '08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Minimizing expected energy consumption through optimal integration of DVS and DPM
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
Generalized reliability-oriented energy management for real-time embedded applications
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
Energy- and reliability-aware task scheduling onto heterogeneous MPSoC architectures
The Journal of Supercomputing
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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Many real-time systems, such as battery-operated embedded devices, are energy constrained. A common problem for these systems is how to reduce energy consumption in the system as much as possible while still meeting the deadlines; a commonly used power management mechanism by these systems is dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). Usually, the workloads executed by these systems are variable and, more often than not, unpredictable. Because of the unpredictability of the workloads, one cannot guarantee to minimize the energy consumption in the system. However, if the variability of the workloads can be captured by the probability distribution of the computational requirement of each task in the system, it is possible to achieve the goal of minimizing the expected energy consumption in the system. In this paper, we investigate DVS schemes that aim at minimizing expected energy consumption for frame-based hard real-time systems. Our investigation considers various DVS strategies (i.e., intra-task DVS, inter-task DVS, and hybrid DVS) and both an ideal system model (i.e., assuming unrestricted continuous frequency, well-defined power-frequency relation, and no speed change overhead) and a realistic system model (i.e., the processor provides a set of discrete speeds, no assumption is made on power-frequency relation, and speed change overhead is considered). The highlights of the investigation are two practical DVS schemes: Practical PACE (PPACE) for a single task and Practical Inter-Task DVS (PITDVS2) for general frame-based systems. Evaluation results show that our proposed schemes outperform and achieve significant energy savings over existing schemes.