Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
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Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU
MobiCom '95 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms
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Soft timers: efficient microsecond software timer support for network processing
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SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
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Dynamic and Aggressive Scheduling Techniques for Power-Aware Real-Time Systems
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Adaptive Power-Fidelity in Energy-Aware Wireless Embedded Systems
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PACE: A New Approach to Dynamic Voltage Scaling
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Policies for dynamic clock scheduling
OSDI'00 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Symposium on Operating System Design & Implementation - Volume 4
Energy optimal speed control of devices with discrete speed sets
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Optimal procrastinating voltage scheduling for hard real-time systems
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Procrastinating voltage scheduling with discrete frequency sets
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An optimal analytical solution for processor speed control with thermal constraints
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IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Energy adaptation for multimedia information kiosks
EMSOFT '06 Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software
Dynamic voltage and frequency management based on variable update intervals for frequency setting
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The Journal of Supercomputing
Energy optimal speed control of a producer--consumer device pair
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IWCMC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Wireless communications and mobile computing
Performance optimal processor throttling under thermal constraints
CASES '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
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Energy-efficiency for multiframe real-time tasks on a dynamic voltage scaling processor
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Statistical Performance Analysis and Estimation for Parallel Multimedia Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
On temperature-aware scheduling for single-processor systems
HiPC'07 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on High performance computing
Workload-aware neuromorphic design of low-power supply voltage controller
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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers
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IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
A New Power-Aware Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed System
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By dynamically varying CPU speed and voltage, it is possible to save significant amounts of energy while still meeting prespecified soft or hard deadlines for tasks; numerous algorithms have been published with this goal. We show that it is possible to modify any voltage scaling algorithm to minimize energy use without affecting perceived performance and present a formula to do so optimally. Because this formula specifies increased speed as the task progresses, we call this approach PACE (Processor Acceleration to Conserve Energy). This optimal formula depends on the probability distribution of the task's work requirement and requires that the speed be varied continuously. We therefore present methods for estimating the task work distribution and evaluate how effective they are on a variety of real workloads. We also show how to approximate the optimal continuous schedule with one that changes speed a limited number of times. Using these methods, we find we can apply PACE practically and efficiently. Furthermore, PACE is extremely effective: Simulations using real workloads and the standard model for energy consumption as a function of voltage show that PACE can reduce the CPU energy consumption of existing algorithms by up to 49.5 percent, with an average of 20.6 percent, without any effect on perceived performance. The consequent PACE-modified algorithms reduce CPU energy consumption by an average of 65.4 percent relative to no dynamic voltage scaling, as opposed to only 54.3 percent without PACE.