Power minimization in IC design: principles and applications
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special section on low-power electronics and design
Design techniques for low-power systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Dynamic I/O power management for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the ninth international symposium on Hardware/software codesign
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Practical Voltage-Scaling for Fixed-Priority RT-Systems
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Maximizing rewards for real-time applications with energy constraints
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
A Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Sporadic Tasks
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Power-Aware Scheduling for Periodic Real-Time Tasks
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Dynamic voltage scaling for systemwide energy minimization in real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Practical PACE for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software
Pruning-based, energy-optimal, deterministic I/O device scheduling for hard real-time systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Online energy-aware I/O device scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe: Proceedings
System-Level Energy Management for Periodic Real-Time Tasks
RTSS '06 Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
System-wide energy minimization for real-time tasks: lower bound and approximation
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Frequency-aware energy optimization for real-time periodic and aperiodic tasks
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Scheduling for reduced CPU energy
OSDI '94 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
Accurate on-line prediction of processor and memoryenergy usage under voltage scaling
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
Minimizing expected energy consumption in real-time systems through dynamic voltage scaling
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Real-Time Dynamic Power Management through Device Forbidden Regions
RTAS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Minimizing expected energy consumption through optimal integration of DVS and DPM
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Energy-aware packet and task co-scheduling for embedded systems
EMSOFT '10 Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
Combining optimistic and pessimistic DVS scheduling: an adaptive scheme and analysis
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Optimal procrastination interval for constrained deadline sporadic tasks upon uniprocessors
Proceedings of the 21st International conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems
A heuristic energy-aware approach for hard real-time systems on multi-core platforms
Microprocessors & Microsystems
| Hi-index | 0.00 |
Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) and Dynamic Power Management (DPM) are two popular techniques commonly employed to save energy in real-time embedded systems. DVS policies aim at reducing the CPU energy, while DPM-based solutions involve putting the system components (e.g. memory or I/O devices) to low-power/sleep states at run-time, when sufficiently long idle intervals can be predicted. Despite numerous research papers that tackled the energy minimization problem using DVS or DPM separately, the interactions of these two popular techniques are not yet well understood. In this paper, we undertake an exact analysis of the problem for a real-time embedded application running on a DVS-enabled CPU and using potentially multiple devices. Specifically, by adopting a generalized system-level energy model and taking into account the non-trivial time/energy overheads involved in device transitions, we characterize the variations in different components of the system energy as a function of the CPU processing speed. Then, we propose a provably optimal algorithm to determine the optimal CPU speed as well as device state transition decisions to minimize the system-level energy. Our algorithm runs in O(m log m) time, where m is the number of devices used by the application. The evaluations with realistic system parameters indicate that our solution, which combines DVS and DPM optimally, can lead to substantial energy savings when compared to previous solutions.