IBM Systems Journal - Special issue on cryptology
Handbook of Applied Cryptography
Handbook of Applied Cryptography
CRYPTO '99 Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Security on FPGAs: State-of-the-art implementations and attacks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Power and electromagnetic analysis: improved model, consequences and comparisons
Integration, the VLSI Journal - Special issue: Embedded cryptographic hardware
From the bitstream to the netlist
Proceedings of the 16th international ACM/SIGDA symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
On the Power of Power Analysis in the Real World: A Complete Break of the KeeLoq Code Hopping Scheme
CRYPTO 2008 Proceedings of the 28th Annual conference on Cryptology: Advances in Cryptology
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Trojan Side-Channels: Lightweight Hardware Trojans through Side-Channel Engineering
CHES '09 Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Record Setting Software Implementation of DES Using CUDA
ITNG '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Seventh International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Improving first order differential power attacks through digital signal processing
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Security of information and networks
Information leakage discovery techniques to enhance secure chip design
WISTP'11 Proceedings of the 5th IFIP WG 11.2 international conference on Information security theory and practice: security and privacy of mobile devices in wireless communication
CT-RSA'12 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Topics in Cryptology
Power analysis of atmel cryptomemory --- recovering keys from secure EEPROMs
CT-RSA'12 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Topics in Cryptology
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
FlexCOS: an open smartcard platform for research and education
NSS'12 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Network and System Security
Improving side-channel analysis with optimal linear transforms
CARDIS'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications
Computers and Electrical Engineering
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Over the last two decades FPGAs have become central components for many advanced digital systems, e.g., video signal processing, network routers, data acquisition and military systems. In order to protect the intellectual property and to prevent fraud, e.g., by cloning a design embedded into an FPGA or manipulating its content, many current FPGAs employ a bitstream encryption feature. We develop a successful attack on the bitstream encryption engine integrated in the widespread Virtex-II Pro FPGAs from Xilinx, using side-channel analysis. After measuring the power consumption of a single power-up of the device and a modest amount of off-line computation, we are able to recover all three different keys used by its triple DES module. Our method allows extracting secret keys from any real-world device where the bitstream encryption feature of Virtex-II Pro is enabled. As a consequence, the target product can be cloned and manipulated at the will of the attacker since no side-channel protection was included into the design of the decryption module. Also, more advanced attacks such as reverse engineering or the introduction of hardware Trojans become potential threats. While performing the side-channel attack, we were able to deduce a hypothetical architecture of the hardware encryption engine. To our knowledge, this is the first attack against the bitstream encryption of a commercial FPGA reported in the open literature.