Security on FPGAs: State-of-the-art implementations and attacks

Authors:
Thomas Wollinger;Jorge Guajardo;Christof Paar
Affiliations:
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany;Infineon Technologies AG, Munich, Germany;Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Venue:
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Year:
2004

Citing 55
Cited 28

Sequences of numbers generated by addition in formal groups and new primality and factorization tests

Advances in Applied Mathematics
Use of elliptic curves in cryptography

Lecture notes in computer sciences; 218 on Advances in cryptology---CRYPTO 85
Implementing the Rivest Shamir and Adleman public key encryption algorithm on a standard digital signal processor

Proceedings on Advances in cryptology---CRYPTO '86
A cryptographic library for the Motorola DSP56000

EUROCRYPT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
A proposal for a new block encryption standard

EUROCRYPT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
Bit-level systolic arrays for modular multiplication

Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems - Special issue: algorithms and parallel VSLI architecture
Hardware Implementation of Montgomery's Modular Multiplication Algorithm

IEEE Transactions on Computers
Programmable active memories: reconfigurable systems come of age

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
The art of computer programming, volume 2 (3rd ed.): seminumerical algorithms

The art of computer programming, volume 2 (3rd ed.): seminumerical algorithms
A survey of fast exponentiation methods

Journal of Algorithms
An FPGA implementation and performance evaluation of the Serpent block cipher

FPGA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM/SIGDA eighth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Embedded computation meets the World Wide Web

Communications of the ACM
Elliptic curves in cryptography

Elliptic curves in cryptography
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems

Communications of the ACM
A quick safari through the reconfiguration jungle

Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
An FPGA-based performance evaluation of the AES block cipher candidate algorithm finalists

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
High-Radix Montgomery Modular Exponentiation on Reconfigurable Hardware

IEEE Transactions on Computers
Dynamic power consumption in Virtex™-II FPGA family

FPGA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/SIGDA tenth international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays
Reconfigurable computing: a survey of systems and software

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Handbook of Applied Cryptography

Handbook of Applied Cryptography
Reconfigurable Computing for Digital Signal Processing: A Survey

Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems
A fully pipelined memoryless 17.8 Gbps AES-128 encryptor

FPGA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM/SIGDA eleventh international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
A methodology to implement block ciphers in reconfigurable hardware and its application to fast and compact AES RIJNDAEL

FPGA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM/SIGDA eleventh international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Beyond Prototypes: Challenges in Deploying Ubiquitous Systems

IEEE Pervasive Computing
Real-Time Image Processing on a Custom Computing Platform

Computer
Cryptographic Smart Cards

IEEE Micro
A Systolic, Linear-Array Multiplier for a Class of Right-Shift Algorithms

IEEE Transactions on Computers
Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems

CHES '02 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Fast Implementation and Fair Comparison of the Final Candidates for Advanced Encryption Standard Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

CT-RSA 2001 Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Topics in Cryptology: The Cryptographer's Track at RSA
CORSAIR: A SMART Card for Public Key Cryptosystems

CRYPTO '90 Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Faster Modular Multiplication by Operand Scaling

CRYPTO '91 Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
ElectroMagnetic Analysis (EMA): Measures and Counter-Measures for Smart Cards

E-SMART '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Smart Cards: Smart Card Programming and Security
Differential Fault Analysis of Secret Key Cryptosystems

CRYPTO '97 Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Low Cost Attacks on Tamper Resistant Devices

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Security Protocols
A case study of partially evaluated hardware circuits: Key-specific DES

FPL '97 Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
Low Complexity Bit-Parallel Finite Field Arithmetic Using Polynomial Basis

CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
DES and Differential Power Analysis (The "Duplication" Method)

CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
A High-Performance Flexible Architecture for Cryptography

CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
The EM Side-Channel(s)

CHES '02 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Optical Fault Induction Attacks

CHES '02 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
A DES ASIC Suitable for Network Encryption at 10 Gbps and Beyond

CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Simplifying Quotient Determination in High-Radix Modular Multiplication

ARITH '95 Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic
Montgomery Modular Exponentiation on Reconfigurable Hardware

ARITH '99 Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic
Iddq Testing for High Performance CMOS - The Next Ten Years

EDTC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 European conference on Design and Test
Garp: a MIPS processor with a reconfigurable coprocessor

FCCM '97 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Symposium on FPGA-Based Custom Computing Machines
Dynamic Circuit Generation for Solving Specific Problem Instances of Boolean Satisfiability

FCCM '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines
An Adaptive Cryptographic Engine for IPSec Architectures

FCCM '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines
High Performance DES Encryption in Virtex(tm) FPGAs Using Jbits(tm)

FCCM '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines
A Unified Method for Iterative Computation of Modular Multiplication and Reduction Operations

ICCD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design
Data remanence in semiconductor devices

SSYM'01 Proceedings of the 10th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 10
Design principles for tamper-resistant smartcard processors

WOST'99 Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Smartcard Technology on USENIX Workshop on Smartcard Technology
Secure deletion of data from magnetic and solid-state memory

SSYM'96 Proceedings of the 6th conference on USENIX Security Symposium, Focusing on Applications of Cryptography - Volume 6
On the importance of checking cryptographic protocols for faults

EUROCRYPT'97 Proceedings of the 16th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
SP 800-38A 2001 edition. Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Methods and Techniques

SP 800-38A 2001 edition. Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Methods and Techniques
Partial-encryption technique for intellectual property protection of FPGA-based products

IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics

Compact modular exponentiation accelerator for modern FPGA devices

Computers and Electrical Engineering
Implementation of secure applications in self-reconfigurable systems

Microprocessors & Microsystems
Combination of biometric data and learning algorithms for both generation and application of a secure communication link

Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering - Artificial Neural Networks
Fast elliptic curve cryptography on FPGA

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Physical Design of FPGA Interconnect to Prevent Information Leakage

ARC '08 Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Reconfigurable Computing: Architectures, Tools and Applications
Active control and digital rights management of integrated circuit IP cores

CASES '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
High Speed Compact Elliptic Curve Cryptoprocessor for FPGA Platforms

INDOCRYPT '08 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Cryptology in India: Progress in Cryptology
Guest Editors’ Introduction to Security in Reconfigurable Systems Design

ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
Electromagnetic Radiations of FPGAs: High Spatial Resolution Cartography and Attack on a Cryptographic Module

ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
Techniques for Design and Implementation of Secure Reconfigurable PUFs

ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
Trust-Based Design and Check of FPGA Circuits Using Two-Level Randomized ECC Structures

ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
Fast point multiplication on Koblitz curves: Parallelization method and implementations

Microprocessors & Microsystems
Diversification of Processors Based on Redundancy in Instruction Set

IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
Implementation of the two-point angular correlation function on a high-performance reconfigurable computer

Scientific Programming
SeReCon: a secure reconfiguration controller for self-reconfigurable systems

International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems
Hierarchies of keys in secure multicast communications

Journal of Computer Security
VoteBox nano: a smaller, stronger FPGA-based voting machine

EVT/WOTE'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Electronic voting technology/workshop on trustworthy elections
Complexity analysis and efficient implementations of bit parallel finite field multipliers based on Karatsuba-Ofman algorithm on FPGAs

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
New high entropy element for FPGA based true random number generators

CHES'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Cryptographic hardware and embedded systems
Shape analysis for power signal cryptanalysis on secure components

Journal of Systems and Software
On the vulnerability of FPGA bitstream encryption against power analysis attacks: extracting keys from xilinx Virtex-II FPGAs

Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Differential power analysis: a serious threat for FPGA security

International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions
Development of a neural net-based, personalized secure communication link

ICANN'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks - Volume Part I
Securely sealing Multi-FPGA systems

ARC'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Reconfigurable Computing: architectures, tools and applications
Pushing the limits of high-speed GF(2m) elliptic curve scalar multiplication on FPGAs

CHES'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Architectures of flexible symmetric key crypto engines—a survey: From hardware coprocessor to multi-crypto-processor system on chip

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
FPGA-based implementation alternatives for the inner loop of the Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-256

Microprocessors & Microsystems
Secure embedded system hardware design - A flexible security and trust enhanced approach

Computers and Electrical Engineering

Quantified Score

Hi-index	0.00

Visualization

Abstract

In the last decade, it has become apparent that embedded systems are integral parts of our every day lives. The wireless nature of many embedded applications as well as their omnipresence has made the need for security and privacy preserving mechanisms particularly important. Thus, as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) become integral parts of embedded systems, it is imperative to consider their security as a whole. This contribution provides a state-of-the-art description of security issues on FPGAs, both from the system and implementation perspectives. We discuss the advantages of reconfigurable hardware for cryptographic applications, show potential security problems of FPGAs, and provide a list of open research problems. Moreover, we summarize both public and symmetric-key algorithm implementations on FPGAs.