SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Visual Interpretation of Hand Gestures for Human-Computer Interaction: A Review
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The visual analysis of human movement: a survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A hand biomechanics workstation
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Lifelike Gesture Synthesis and Timing for Conversational Agents
GW '01 Revised Papers from the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture and Sign Languages in Human-Computer Interaction
Construction and animation of anatomically based human hand models
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Character animation scripting languages: a comparison
AAMAS '03 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Towards integrated microplanning of language and iconic gesture for multimodal output
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Variations in gesturing and speech by GESTYLE
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Multimodal expression in virtual humans: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA 2006
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Gesticulation is essential for the storytelling experience thus, virtual storytellers should be endowed with gesticulation expression. This work proposes a gesticulation expression model based on psycholinguistics. The model supports: (a) real-time gesticulation animation described as sequences of constraints on static (Portuguese Sign Language hand shapes, orientations and positions) and dynamic (motion profiles) features; (b) multimodal synchronization between gesticulation and speech; (c) automatic reproduction of annotated gesticulation according to GestuRA, a gesture transcription algorithm. To evaluate the model two studies, involving 147 subjects, were conducted. In both cases, the idea consisted of comparing the narration of the Portuguese traditional story “The White Rabbit” by a human storyteller with a version by a virtual storyteller. Results indicate that synthetic gestures fared well when compared to real gestures however, subjects preferred the human storyteller.