A software model and specification language for non-WIMP user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
A method engineering framework for modeling and generating interactive applications
Proceedings of the third international conference on Computer-aided design of user interfaces
A model-based tool for interactive prototyping of highly interactive applications
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A toolset supported approach for designing and testing virtual environment interaction techniques
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
A three-state model of graphical input
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Designing Transition Networks for Multimodal VR-Interactions Using a Markup Language
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
A model-based approach for real-time embedded multimodal systems in military aircrafts
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
An Introduction to 3-D User Interface Design
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Validation et vérification formelles de systèmes interactifs multi-modaux fondées sur la preuve
IHM '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conferenceof the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Introducing semantic information during conceptual modelling of interaction for virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Multimodal interfaces in semantic interaction
Conceptual modeling for virtual reality
ER '07 Tutorials, posters, panels and industrial contributions at the 26th international conference on Conceptual modeling - Volume 83
Cascading Dialog Modeling with UsiXML
Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
Designing context-aware multimodal virtual environments
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Fusion engines for multimodal input: a survey
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Grasp registration and learning in virtual reality environments
CIMMACS'09 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Computational intelligence, man-machine systems and cybernetics
Middleware mechanisms for interaction interoperability in Collaborative Virtual Environments
International Journal of Advanced Media and Communication
Exploring the specification of haptic interaction
DSVIS'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Interactive systems: Design, specification, and verification
Comparing NiMMiT and data-driven notations for describing multimodal interaction
TAMODIA'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Task models and diagrams for users interface design
Extending a dialog model with contextual knowledge
TAMODIA'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Task models and diagrams for user interface design
A methodology to specify three-dimensional interaction using Petri Nets
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The APEX framework: prototyping of ubiquitous environments based on Petri nets
HCSE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Human-centred software engineering
A model-based approach for supporting engineering usability evaluation of interaction techniques
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Modelling information fission in output multi-modal interactive systems using event-b
MEDI'11 Proceedings of the First international conference on Model and data engineering
Modeling multimodal integration with event logic charts
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Heterogeneous modeling of gesture-based 3D applications
Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Multi-Paradigm Modeling
Comparing the multimodal interaction technique design of MINT with NiMMiT
Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian symposium on Multimedia and the web
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Nowadays, designers of Virtual Reality (VR) applications are faced with the choice of a large number of different input and output devices leading to a growing number of interaction techniques. Usually VR interaction techniques are described informally, based on the actions users can perform within the VR environment. At implementation time, such informal descriptions (made at design time) yield to ambiguous interpretations by the developers. In addition, informal descriptions make it difficult to foresee the impact throughout the application of a modification of the interaction techniques. This paper discusses the advantages of using a formal description technique (called ICO) to model interaction techniques and dialogues for VR applications. This notation is presented via a case study featuring an immersive VR application. The case study is then used to show, through analysis of models, how the formal notation can help to ensure the usability, reliability and efficiency of virtual reality systems.