What's the flaming problem? or Computer Mediated Communication—deindividuating or disinhibiting?
HCI '95 Proceedings of the HCI'95 conference on People and computers X
Flaming among first-time group support system users
Information and Management
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
Understanding the Psychology of Internet Behaviour: Virtual Worlds, Real Lives
Understanding the Psychology of Internet Behaviour: Virtual Worlds, Real Lives
Flaming in electronic communication
Decision Support Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Sexual harassment on the internet
Social Science Computer Review - Deviance and the internet: New challenges for social science
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International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Anonymity effects in computer-mediated communication in the case of minority influence
Computers in Human Behavior
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Endowment heterogeneity and identifiability in the information-exchange dilemma
Computers in Human Behavior
Review: The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Computers in Human Behavior
Internet use and personal empowerment of hearing-impaired adolescents
Computers in Human Behavior
Fostering empowerment in online support groups
Computers in Human Behavior
The impact of emotionality and self-disclosure on online dating versus traditional dating
Computers in Human Behavior
Exploring and mitigating social loafing in online communities
Computers in Human Behavior
The impact of anonymity on weblog credibility
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Computers in Human Behavior
An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan
Computers in Human Behavior
Adolescents' use of Instant Messaging as a means of emotional relief
Computers in Human Behavior
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The present research studied the impact of three typical online communication factors on inducing the toxic online disinhibition effect: anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact. Using an experimental design with 142 participants, we examined the extent to which these factors lead to flaming behaviors, the typical products of online disinhibition. Random pairs of participants were presented with a dilemma for discussion and a common solution through online chat. The effects were measured using participants' self-reports, expert judges' ratings of chat transcripts, and textual analyses of participants' conversations. A 2x2x2 (anonymity/non-anonymityxvisibility/invisibilityxeye-contact/lack of eye-contact) MANOVA was employed to analyze the findings. The results suggested that of the three independent variables, lack of eye-contact was the chief contributor to the negative effects of online disinhibition. Consequently, it appears that previous studies might have defined the concept of anonymity too broadly by not addressing other online communication factors, especially lack of eye-contact, that impact disinhibition. The findings are explained in the context of an onlinesense of unidentifiability, which apparently requires a more refined view of the components that create a personal sense of anonymity.