What's that character doing in your interface?
Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Multimedia
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Direct manipulation vs. interface agents
interactions
The elements of computer credibility
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Developing and evaluating conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Nausicaä and the Sirens: A Tale of Two Intelligent Autonomous Agents
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
Reading personality in onscreen interactive characters: an examination of social psychological principles of consistency, personality match, and situational attribution applied to interaction with characters
WARD: an exploratory study of an affective sociotechnical framework for addressing medical errors
Proceedings of the 44th annual Southeast regional conference
How interface agents affect interaction between humans and computers
DPPI '07 Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Designing pleasurable products and interfaces
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Mapping the demographics of virtual humans
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 2
When too heavy is just fine: Creating trustworthy e-health advisors
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Journal of Management Information Systems
The role of learner attributes and affect determining the impact of agent presence
International Journal of Learning Technology
Conversational gestures in human-robot interaction
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Emotionally expressive avatars for chatting, learning and therapeutic intervention
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Quality of talking heads in different interaction and media contexts
Speech Communication
A study of demographic embodiments of product recommendation agents in electronic commerce
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Affective composites: autonomy and proxy in pedagogical agent networks
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition
Computers in Human Behavior
Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Kiosk for Automated Interviewing
Journal of Management Information Systems
BCS-HCI '11 Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Benevolent deception in human computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
In situ observations of non-verbal emotional behaviours for multimodal avatar design in e-commerce
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, Interaction, Design and Innovation
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For years, people have sought more natural means of communicating with their computers. Many have suggested that interaction with a computer should be as easy as interacting with other people, taking advantage of the multimodal nature of human communication. While users should, in theory, gravitate to such anthropomorphic embodiments, quite the contrary has been experienced; users generally have been dissatisfied and abandoned their use. This suggests a disconnect between factors that make human-human communication engaging and those used by designers to support human-agent interaction. This paper discusses a set of empirical studies that attempted to replicate human-human non-verbal behavior. The focus revolved around behaviors that portray a credible façade, thereby helping embodied conversational agents (ECAs) to form a successful cooperative dyad with users. Based on a review of the non-verbal literature, a framework was created that identified trustworthy and credible non-verbal behaviors across five areas and formed design guidelines for character interaction. The design suggestions for those areas emanating from the facial region were experimentally supported but there was no concordant increase in perceived trust when bodily regions (posture, gesture) were added. In addition, in examining the importance of demographic elements in embodiment, it was found that users prefer to interact with characters that match their ethnicity and are young looking. There was no significant preference for gender. The implications of these results, as well as other interesting consequences are discussed.