Architectural requirements of parallel scientific applications with explicit communication
ISCA '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual international symposium on computer architecture
Performance analysis of a synchronous, circuit-switched interconnection cached network
ICS '94 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Supercomputing
On shortest path routing in single stage shuffle-exchange networks
Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
An empirical performance evaluation of scalable scientific applications
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
On the Feasibility of Optical Circuit Switching for High Performance Computing Systems
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Reconfigurable hybrid interconnection for static and dynamic scientific applications
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computing frontiers
Technology-Driven, Highly-Scalable Dragonfly Topology
ISCA '08 Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
c-Through: part-time optics in data centers
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 conference
Helios: a hybrid electrical/optical switch architecture for modular data centers
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 conference
Proteus: a topology malleable data center network
Hotnets-IX Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks
Network traffic characteristics of data centers in the wild
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Communication Requirements and Interconnect Optimization for High-End Scientific Applications
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Performance analysis of an optical circuit switched network for peta-scale systems
Euro-Par'07 Proceedings of the 13th international Euro-Par conference on Parallel Processing
Parallel Simulation Models for the Evaluation of Future Large-Scale Datacenter Networks
DS-RT '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ACM 16th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications
Software-defined massive multicore networking via freespace optical interconnect
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers
Euro-Par'13 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Parallel Processing
A reconfigurable, regular-topology cluster/datacenter network using commodity optical switches
Future Generation Computer Systems
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Hybrid optical/electrical interconnects, using commercially available optical circuit switches at the core part of the network, have been recently proposed as an attractive alternative to fully-connected electronically-switched networks in terms of port density, bandwidth/port, cabling and energy efficiency. Although the shift from a traditionally packet-switched core to switching between server aggregations (or servers) at circuit granularity requires system redesign, the approach has been shown to fit well to the traffic requirements of certain classes of high-performance computing applications, as well as to the traffic patterns exhibited by typical data center workloads. Recent proposals for such system designs have looked at small/medium scale hybrid interconnects. In this paper, we present a hybrid optical/electrical interconnect architecture intended for large-scale deployments of high-performance computing systems and server co-locations. To reduce complexity, our architecture employs a regular shuffle network topology that allows for simple management and cabling. Thanks to using a single-stage core interconnect and multiple optical planes, our design can be both incrementally scaled up (in capacity) and scaled out (in the number of racks) without requiring major re-cabling and network re-configuration. Also, we are the first to our knowledge to explore the benefit of using multi-hopping in the optical domain as a means to avoid constant reconfiguration of optical circuit switches. We have prototyped our architecture at packet-level detail in a simulation framework to evaluate this concept. Our results demonstrate that our hybrid interconnect, by adapting to the changing nature of application traffic, can significantly exceed the throughput of a static interconnect of equal degree, while at times attaining a throughput comparable to that of a costly fully-connected network. We also show a further benefit brought by multi-hopping, that it reduces the performance drops by reducing the frequency of reconfiguration.