A vision-based masking model for spread-spectrum image watermarking

  • Authors:
  • M. Kutter;S. Winkler

  • Affiliations:
  • Signal Process. Lab., Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technol., Lausanne;-

  • Venue:
  • IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
  • Year:
  • 2002

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Abstract

We present a perceptual model for hiding a spread-spectrum watermark of variable amplitude and density in an image. The model takes into account the sensitivity and masking behavior of the human visual system by means of a local isotropic contrast measure and a masking model. We compare the insertion of this watermark in luminance images and in the blue channel of color images. We also evaluate the robustness of such a watermark with respect to its embedding density. Our results show that this approach facilitates the insertion of a more robust watermark while preserving the visual quality of the original. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the maximum watermark density generally does not provide the best detection performance