Of moles and men: the design of foot controls for workstations
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The CAVE: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment
Communications of the ACM
Appropriateness of foot interaction for non-accurate spatial tasks
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Two-handed interaction on a tablet display
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Z-Tiles: building blocks for modular, pressure-sensing floorspaces
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Low-cost multi-touch sensing through frustrated total internal reflection
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The magic carpet: physical sensing for immersive environments
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using the Wii Balance Board™ as a low-cost VR interaction device
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Using hands and feet to navigate and manipulate spatial data
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sensing foot gestures from the pocket
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Kick: investigating the use of kick gestures for mobile interactions
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction - Special issue on human-robot interaction
Multi-touch wall display system using multiple laser range scanners
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces
Putting your best foot forward: investigating real-world mappings for foot-based gestures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Hand and foot gesture interaction for handheld devices
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia
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Interactive tables, or tabletop devices, employ multi-finger gestures to interact with digital contents on a table's surface. Many studies have confirmed the convenience and intuitiveness of multi-finger gestures performed with the hands. However, there are still some tasks which cannot be conducted effectively by users via two-handed or multi-finger gestures. Given that feet are used occasionally in the real world to support the hands in the performance of complex tasks such as driving a car, we considered that it might be useful to combine foot gestures with hand gestures to enhance user interactions with tabletop environments. In this study, we developed a high-resolution foot sensing platform based on multi-touch techniques known as frustrated total internal reflection and diffused illumination. We then used the device to study the effect of combining hand and foot gestures on tabletop systems by using a 3D drawing application. We conducted user evaluations to compare foot gestures and identified which gestures were most comfortable for performing a 3D model rotation task. We also compared the performance in a 3D drawing task when using only hand gestures with the performance when using hand and foot gestures together. Finally, we discussed how hand and foot gesture combination techniques could provide new user experiences in tabletop environments.