Applied cryptography (2nd ed.): protocols, algorithms, and source code in C
Applied cryptography (2nd ed.): protocols, algorithms, and source code in C
Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system
Communications of the ACM
Drowsy caches: simple techniques for reducing leakage power
ISCA '02 Proceedings of the 29th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
SAC '01 Revised Papers from the 8th Annual International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography
The Resurrecting Duckling: Security Issues for Ad-hoc Wireless Networks
Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Security Protocols
Time-lock Puzzles and Timed-release Crypto
Time-lock Puzzles and Timed-release Crypto
SRAM Leakage Suppression by Minimizing Standby Supply Voltage
ISQED '04 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
Secure time synchronization service for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Wireless security
TinySeRSync: secure and resilient time synchronization in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Security analysis of a cryptographically-enabled RFID device
SSYM'05 Proceedings of the 14th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 14
Tamper resistance: a cautionary note
WOEC'96 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Proceedings of the Second USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce - Volume 2
Secure deletion of data from magnetic and solid-state memory
SSYM'96 Proceedings of the 6th conference on USENIX Security Symposium, Focusing on Applications of Cryptography - Volume 6
Remote Password Extraction from RFID Tags
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: Software Radio Attacks and Zero-Power Defenses
SP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
FPGA Intrinsic PUFs and Their Use for IP Protection
CHES '07 Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
ePassport: Securing International Contacts with Contactless Chips
Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Lest we remember: cold boot attacks on encryption keys
SS'08 Proceedings of the 17th conference on Security symposium
Power-Up SRAM State as an Identifying Fingerprint and Source of True Random Numbers
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Wirelessly Pickpocketing a Mifare Classic Card
SP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 30th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Vulnerabilities in first-generation RFID-enabled credit cards
FC'07/USEC'07 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Financial cryptography and 1st International conference on Usable Security
HotPower'08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Power aware computing and systems
An energy-aware active smart card
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Breaking mifare DESFire MF3ICD40: power analysis and templates in the real world
CHES'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Cryptographic hardware and embedded systems
Minimalist cryptography for low-cost RFID tags (extended abstract)
SCN'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Security in Communication Networks
A traceability attack against e-passports
FC'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
RFID security and privacy: a research survey
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Gone in 360 seconds: Hijacking with Hitag2
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
FlexCOS: an open smartcard platform for research and education
NSS'12 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Network and System Security
PRIME: private RSA infrastructure for memory-less encryption
Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
FROST: forensic recovery of scrambled telephones
ACNS'13 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
On the effectiveness of the remanence decay side-channel to clone memory-based PUFs
CHES'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
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Lack of a locally trustworthy clock makes security protocols challenging to implement on batteryless embedded devices such as contact smartcards, contactless smartcards, and RFID tags. A device that knows how much time has elapsed between queries from an untrusted reader could better protect against attacks that depend on the existence of a rate-unlimited encryption oracle. The TARDIS (Time and Remanence Decay in SRAM) helps locally maintain a sense of time elapsed without power and without special-purpose hardware. The TARDIS software computes the expiration state of a timer by analyzing the decay of existing on-chip SRAM. The TARDIS enables coarse-grained, hourglass-like timers such that cryptographic software can more deliberately decide how to throttle its response rate. Our experiments demonstrate that the TARDIS can measure time ranging from seconds to several hours depending on hardware parameters. Key challenges to implementing a practical TARDIS include compensating for temperature and handling variation across hardware. Our contributions are (1) the algorithmic building blocks for computing elapsed time from SRAM decay; (2) characterizing TARDIS behavior under different temperatures, capacitors, SRAM sizes, and chips; and (3) three proof-of-concept implementations that use the TARDIS to enable privacy-preserving RFID tags, to deter double swiping of contactless credit cards, and to increase the difficulty of brute-force attacks against e-passports.