I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The design and implementation of an object-oriented toolkit for 3D graphics and visualization
Proceedings of the 7th conference on Visualization '96
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
VRPN: a device-independent, network-transparent VR peripheral system
VRST '01 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Hand-Held Windows: Towards Effective 2D Interaction in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
Co-location and Tactile Feedback for 2D Widget Manipulation
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
Magic Lenses for Augmented Virtual Environments
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
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In this paper we explore the usage of tangible controllers for the manipulation of 3D widgets in scientific visualization applications. Tangible controllers can be more efficient than unrestricted 6-DOF devices, since many 3D widgets impose some restrictions on how they can be manipulated. In particular for tasks that are in essence two-dimensional, such as drawing a contour on a surface, tangible controllers have advantages over 6-DOF devices. We have conducted a user study in which subjects draw a contour on a three-dimensional curved surface using a 3D contour drawing widget. We compared four different input methods for controlling the contour drawing widget and the viewpoint of the surface: using one 2D mouse for drawing and viewpoint selection, using a 6-DOF pen for drawing and a 6-DOF cube device for viewpoint selection, using a 6-DOF pen for drawing on a tangible 6-DOF cube which implements a Magic Lens style visualization technique, and using a 2D mouse for drawing and a 6-DOF cube for viewpoint selection. We show that while the mouse outperforms 6-DOF input methods, the tangible controller is superior to unrestricted 6-DOF input.