Virtual reality on a WIM: interactive worlds in miniature
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Voodoo dolls: seamless interaction at multiple scales in virtual environments
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Using transparent props for interaction with the virtual table
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Towards usable VR: an empirical study of user interfaces for immersive virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Non-isomorphic 3D rotational techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring 3D navigation: combining speed-coupled flying with orbiting
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IEEE Internet Computing
Amplifying spatial rotations in 3D interfaces
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sensing surfaces: bringing the desktop into virtual environments
EGVE '03 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2003
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Precise and Rapid Interaction through Scaled Manipulation in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
A Cost-effective Approach for Developing Application-control GUIs for Virtual Environments
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
IntenSelect: using dynamic object rating for assisting 3D object selection
EGVE'05 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
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The accommodation of conventional 2D GUIs with Virtual Environments (VEs) can greatly enhance the possibilities of many VE applications. In this paper we present a variation of the well-known ray-casting technique for fast and accurate selection of 2D widgets over a virtual window immersed into a 3D world. The main idea is to provide a new interaction mode where hand rotations are scaled down so that the ray is constrained to intersect the active virtual window. This is accomplished by changing the control-display ratio between the orientation of the user's hand and the ray used for selection. Our technique uses a curved representation of the ray providing visual feedback of the orientation of both the input device and the selection ray. The users' feeling is that they control a flexible ray that gets curved as it moves over a virtual friction surface defined by the 2D window. We have implemented this technique and evaluated its effectiveness in terms of accuracy and performance. Our experiments on a four-sided CAVE indicate that the proposed technique can increase the speed and accuracy of component selection in 2D GUIs immersed into 3D worlds.