International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Anthropomorphism, agency, and ethopoeia: computers as social actors
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The effects of animated characters on anxiety, task performance, and evaluations of user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Truth is beauty: researching embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Social inhibition in immersive virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: review and suggested criteria
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Social reactions toward people vs. computers: How mere lables shape interactions
Computers in Human Behavior
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Creating Rapport with Virtual Agents
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Virtual Humans Elicit Skin-Tone Bias Consistent with Real-World Skin-Tone Biases
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Human-Computer Interaction
Media Equation Revisited: Do Users Show Polite Reactions towards an Embodied Agent?
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Can virtual humans be more engaging than real ones?
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
"It doesn't matter what you are!" Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
Computers in Human Behavior
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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Empirical studies have repeatedly shown that autonomous artificial entities elicit social behavior on the part of the human interlocutor. Various theoretical approaches have tried to explain this phenomenon. The agency assumption states that the social influence of human interaction partners (represented by avatars) will always be higher than the influence of artificial entities (represented by embodied conversational agents). Conversely, the Ethopoeia concept predicts that automatic social reactions are triggered by situations as soon as they include social cues. Both theories have been challenged in a 2 × 2 between subjects design with two levels of agency (low: agent, high: avatar) and two interfaces with different degrees of social cues (low: textchat, high: virtual human). The results show that participants in the virtual human condition reported a stronger sense ofmutual awareness, imputed more positive characteristics, and allocated more attention to the virtual human than participants in the text chat conditions. Only one result supports the agency assumption; participants who believed to interact with a human reported a stronger feeling of social presence than participants who believed to interact with an artificial entity. It is discussed to what extent these results support the social cue assumption made in the Ethopoeia approach.