Wizard of Oz studies: why and how
IUI '93 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Computers are social actors: a review of current research
Human values and the design of computer technology
The effects of animated characters on anxiety, task performance, and evaluations of user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A conversational agent as museum guide: design and evaluation of a real-world application
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Social Effects of Virtual Assistants. A Review of Empirical Results with Regard to Communication
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
"It doesn't matter what you are!" Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
Computers in Human Behavior
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Warmth, competence, believability and virtual agents
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
The effect of visual gender on abuse in conversation with ECAs
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Modeling speaker behavior: a comparison of two approaches
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Virtual research assistants: Replacing human interviewers by automated avatars in virtual worlds
Computers in Human Behavior
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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In human-computer interaction social behavior towards computers like flattery, reciprocity, and politeness have been observed [1]. In order to determine whether the results can be replicated when interacting with embodied conversational agents (ECA), we conducted an experimental study. 63 participants evaluated the ECA Max after a 10-minute conversation. The interview situation was manipulated in three conditions: Being questioned by Max himself, being questioned by paper-and-pencil questionnaire in the same room facing Max, and being questioned by means of a paper-and-pencil questionnaire in another room. Results show that participants were more polite to the ECA in terms of a better evaluation when they were questioned by Max himself compared to when they were questioned more indirectly by paper-and-pencil questionnaire in the same room. In contrast to previous studies [2] it was ruled out that some participants thought of the programmer when they were asked to evaluate the ECA. Additionally, user variables (e.g. gender, computer literacy) show an impact on the on the evaluation of the ECA.