The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Understanding intelligence
Helper agent: designing an assistant for human-human interaction in a virtual meeting space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Camera angle affects dominance in video-mediated communication
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: review and suggested criteria
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Differences in effect of robot and screen agent recommendations on human decision-making
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Social communicative effects of a virtual program guide
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Comparing a computer agent with a humanoid robot
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Robot social presence and gender: do females view robots differently than males?
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
iCat, the chess player: the influence of embodiment in the enjoyment of a game
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 3
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Media Equation Revisited: Do Users Show Polite Reactions towards an Embodied Agent?
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IASTED-HCI '07 Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
Touched by a robot: an investigation of subjective responses to robot-initiated touch
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
Effect of robot's active touch on people's motivation
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
From embodied to socially embedded agents - Implications for interaction-aware robots
Cognitive Systems Research
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
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Studies comparing physically embodied robots with virtually embodied screen characters (e.g. Powers et al., 2007. Jung and Lee, 2004.) have resulted in unsimilar findings with respect to subjective (users' evaluations) as well as objective (e.g. task performance of the users) measurements. The comparability of these results is mainly impeded by the use of different robots, a variety of virtual embodiments (video recording, computer simulation, animated characters, etc.) and different interaction scenarios. To overcome this problem, an experimental study was conducted in which the embodiment of an artificial entity was varied systematically as well as the type of interaction using a 2x2 between subjects design (N=83). Participants interacted with either a robot or a virtual representation of this robot (on a screen) in a task-oriented or a persuasive-conversational scenario. The results revealed that participants perceived the robot as more competent than the virtual character in the task-oriented scenario, but the opposite was true for the persuasive-conversational scenario. Furthermore, participants in the task-oriented scenario felt better after the interaction than participants who had a persuasive-conversational interaction with the artificial entity, regardless of its embodiment. No statistically significant differences between the experimental conditions emerged with respect to objective measures (persuasion and task performance). Various explanations for these findings are discussed and implications for the application of robots and virtual characters are derived.