The effects of animated characters on anxiety, task performance, and evaluations of user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Relational agents: a model and implementation of building user trust
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Does the contingency of agents' nonverbal feedback affect users' social anxiety?
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
SmartBody: behavior realization for embodied conversational agents
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
Creating Rapport with Virtual Agents
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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How can conversational agents be better designed to build rapport with human beings? Related work on creating rapport through conversational agents has largely focused on nonverbal contingent envelope feedback. There is relatively little known about how forms of emotional feedback play a role in building rapport between agents and humans. This paper describes a study in which people told stories to an agent that provided emotional feedback in the form of facial expressions. Rapport was measured through the length of the stories, the fluency of their speech, and the user's own subjective experience. Surprisingly, results indicated that inappropriate emotional feedback increased story length, which was the opposite of previous studies on envelope feedback that had shorter stories in unresponsive conditions. This paper explains the factors particular to emotional feedback that could cause this difference.