A global human walking model with real-time kinematic personification
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics - Special issue on computer animation 1989/90
Production and playback of human figure motion for visual simulation
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) - Special issue on graphics, animation, and visualization for simulation environments
Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Integration of motion control techniques for virtual human and avatar real-time animation
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Composable controllers for physics-based character animation
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
On-line locomotion generation based on motion blending
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Real-Time Reach Planning for Animated Characters Using Hardware Acceleration
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Interactive Manipulation Planning for Animated Characters
PG '00 Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Synthesizing multimodal utterances for conversational agents: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Hierarchical motion controllers for real-time autonomous virtual humans
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
AI Magazine - Special issue on achieving human-level AI through integrated systems and research
Collada: Sailing the Gulf of 3d Digital Content Creation
Collada: Sailing the Gulf of 3d Digital Content Creation
Behavior planning for a reflexive agent
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Visual attention and eye gaze during multiparty conversations with distractions
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Towards a common framework for multimodal generation: the behavior markup language
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Nonverbal behavior generator for embodied conversational agents
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Predicting Listener Backchannels: A Probabilistic Multimodal Approach
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Multimodal Human Machine Interactions in Virtual and Augmented Reality
Multimodal Signals: Cognitive and Algorithmic Issues
Real-time expressive gaze animation for virtual humans
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1
Interactive Demonstration of Pointing Gestures for Virtual Trainers
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Human Computer Interaction in Virtual Standardized Patient Systems
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part IV: Interacting in Various Application Domains
EMBR --- A Realtime Animation Engine for Interactive Embodied Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Augmenting Gesture Animation with Motion Capture Data to Provide Full-Body Engagement
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
ION Framework --- A Simulation Environment for Worlds with Virtual Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Modeling culturally authentic style shifting with virtual peers
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A probabilistic multimodal approach for predicting listener backchannels
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Parasocial consensus sampling: combining multiple perspectives to learn virtual human behavior
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Interactive motion modeling and parameterization by direct demonstration
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Evaluating the effect of gesture and language on personality perception in conversational agents
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Ada and grace: toward realistic and engaging virtual museum guides
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Multimodal behavior realization for embodied conversational agents
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Sign language avatars: animation and comprehensibility
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Providing gender to embodied conversational agents
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Demonstrating and testing the BML compliance of BML realizers
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Robots meet IVAs: a mind-body interface for migrating artificial intelligent agents
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Multimodal plan representation for adaptable BML scheduling
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Continuous interaction within the SAIBA framework
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
The BML sequencer: a tool for authoringmulti-character animations
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
An example-based motion synthesis technique for locomotion and object manipulation
I3D '12 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
Animating synthetic dyadic conversations with variations based on context and agent attributes
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Pogamut toolkit (demonstration)
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
Dialog designs in virtual drama: balancing agency and scripted dialogs
AEGS'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Agents for Educational Games and Simulations
Increasing adaptability of a speech into sign language translation system
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
An incremental multimodal realizer for behavior co-articulation and coordination
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Expressive body animation pipeline for virtual agent
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Perception markup language: towards a standardized representation of perceived nonverbal behaviors
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Immersive interfaces for building parameterized motion databases
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems
Virtual character performance from speech
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Sketch-based interfaces: drawings to data
Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference
Audiovisual behavior descriptors for depression assessment
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Generating Responsive Life-Like Biped Characters
Proceedings of the The third workshop on Procedural Content Generation in Games
Methodology for developing an advanced communications system for the Deaf in a new domain
Knowledge-Based Systems
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Researchers demand much from their embodied conversational agents (ECAs), requiring them to be both life-like, as well as responsive to events in an interactive setting. We find that a flexible combination of animation approaches may be needed to satisfy these needs. In this paper we present SmartBody, an open source modular framework for animating ECAs in real time, based on the notion of hierarchically connected animation controllers. Controllers in SmartBody can employ arbitrary animation algorithms such as keyframe interpolation, motion capture or procedural animation. Controllers can also schedule or combine other controllers. We discuss our architecture in detail, including how we incorporate traditional approaches, and develop the notion of a controller as a reactive module within a generic framework, for realizing modular animation control. To illustrate the versatility of the architecture, we also discuss a range of applications that have used SmartBody successfully.