ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
Toward the holodeck: integrating graphics, sound, character and story
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents
BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A maximum-entropy-inspired parser
NAACL 2000 Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics conference
Synthesizing multimodal utterances for conversational agents: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Hierarchical motion controllers for real-time autonomous virtual humans
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Towards a common framework for multimodal generation: the behavior markup language
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
SmartBody: behavior realization for embodied conversational agents
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
The Behavior Markup Language: Recent Developments and Challenges
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Virtual Patients for Clinical Therapist Skills Training
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
The Rickel Gaze Model: A Window on the Mind of a Virtual Human
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
APCHI '08 Proceedings of the 8th Asia-Pacific conference on Computer-Human Interaction
Multi-party, Multi-issue, Multi-strategy Negotiation for Multi-modal Virtual Agents
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Predicting Listener Backchannels: A Probabilistic Multimodal Approach
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Proceedings of the VIII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning a model of speaker head nods using gesture corpora
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1
Real-time expressive gaze animation for virtual humans
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1
Some Pitfalls for Developing Enculturated Conversational Agents
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
HCD 09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Centered Design: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Human Computer Interaction in Virtual Standardized Patient Systems
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part IV: Interacting in Various Application Domains
OCSC '09 Proceedings of the 3d International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
A probabilistic multimodal approach for predicting listener backchannels
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Social puppets: towards modular social animation for agents and avatars
OCSC'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Online communities and social computing
Evaluating models of speaker head nods for virtual agents
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
Generating culture-specific gestures for virtual agent dialogs
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Nonverbal acoustic communication in human-computer interaction
Artificial Intelligence Review
Multimodal behavior realization for embodied conversational agents
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Interaction mediate agent based on user interruptibility estimation
HI'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Human interface and the management of information - Volume Part I
How to train your avatar: a data driven approach to gesture generation
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Nonverbal action selection for explanations using an enhanced behavior net
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Towards more comprehensive listening behavior: beyond the bobble head
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Modeling side participants and bystanders: the importance of being a laugh track
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Expressive multimodal conversational acts for SAIBA agents
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
The BML sequencer: a tool for authoringmulti-character animations
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Advisory services in the virtual world: an empowerment perspective
Electronic Commerce Research
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
Changes in verbal and nonverbal conversational behavior in long-term interaction
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Workshop on speech and gesture production in virtually and physically embodied conversational agents
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Modeling speaker behavior: a comparison of two approaches
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Incremental dialogue understanding and feedback for multiparty, multimodal conversation
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Perception markup language: towards a standardized representation of perceived nonverbal behaviors
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Nonverbal communication: signals, conventions and incommensurable explanations
COST'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Cognitive Behavioural Systems
Agent communication for believable human-like interactions between virtual characters
CAVE'12 Proceedings of the First international conference on Cognitive Agents for Virtual Environments
Virtual character performance from speech
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Guest Editorial: Gesture and speech in interaction: An overview
Speech Communication
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Believable nonverbal behaviors for embodied conversational agents (ECA) can create a more immersive experience for users and improve the effectiveness of communication. This paper describes a nonverbal behavior generator that analyzes the syntactic and semantic structure of the surface text as well as the affective state of the ECA and annotates the surface text with appropriate nonverbal behaviors. A number of video clips of people conversing were analyzed to extract the nonverbal behavior generation rules. The system works in real-time and is user-extensible so that users can easily modify or extend the current behavior generation rules.