Where to look? Automating attending behaviors of virtual human characters
Proceedings of the third annual conference on Autonomous Agents
Messages embedded in gaze of interface agents --- impression management with agent's gaze
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fight, flight, or negotiate: believable strategies for conversing under crisis
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
A model of attention and interest using Gaze behavior
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Hierarchical motion controllers for real-time autonomous virtual humans
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
AI Magazine - Special issue on achieving human-level AI through integrated systems and research
Nonverbal behavior generator for embodied conversational agents
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Multi-party, Multi-issue, Multi-strategy Negotiation for Multi-modal Virtual Agents
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IGaze: Studying Reactive Gaze Behavior in Semi-immersive Human-Avatar Interactions
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Animating Idle Gaze in Public Places
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Uncertainty in Spoken Dialogue Management
Proceedings of the 2010 conference on Human Language Technologies -- The Baltic Perspective: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference Baltic HLT 2010
On the importance of eye gaze in a face-to-face collaborative task
Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Affective interaction in natural environments
A multimodal real-time platform for studying human-avatar interactions
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Real-time adaptive behaviors in multimodal human-avatar interactions
International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
Speech, gaze and head motion in a face-to-face collaborative task
Proceedings of the Third COST 2102 international training school conference on Toward autonomous, adaptive, and context-aware multimodal interfaces: theoretical and practical issues
Proceedings of the 2010 workshop on Eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction
Designing effective gaze mechanisms for virtual agents
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A head-eye coordination model for animating gaze shifts of virtual characters
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction
ACSC '11 Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Australasian Computer Science Conference - Volume 113
Gaze and turn-taking behavior in casual conversational interactions
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special issue on interaction with smart objects, Special section on eye gaze and conversation
Multimodal feedback in first encounter interactions
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
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Gaze plays a large number of cognitive, communicative and affective roles in face-to-face human interaction. To build a believable virtual human, it is imperative to construct a gaze model that generates realistic gaze behaviors. However, it is not enough to merely imitate a person's eye movements. The gaze behaviors should reflect the internal states of the virtual human and users should be able to derive them by observing the behaviors. In this paper, we present a gaze model driven by the cognitive operations; the model processes the virtual human's reasoning, dialog management, and goals to generate behaviors that reflect the agent's inner thoughts. It has been implemented in our virtual human system and operates in real-time. The gaze model introduced in this paper was originally designed and developed by Jeff Rickel but has since been extended by the authors.