The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Where the action is: the foundations of embodied interaction
Where the action is: the foundations of embodied interaction
Affective computing: challenges
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in human—Computer interaction
Foundations of human computing: facial expression and emotion
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Toward a framework for human-robot interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Communications of the ACM
An everyday account of witnessing
AI & Society - Special issue: Witnessed presence
Social interactions in HRI: the robot view
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
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This work presents a method for designing facial interfaces for sociable android robots with respect to the fundamental rules of human affect expression. Extending the work of Paul Ekman towards a robotic direction, we follow the judgment-based approach for evaluating facial expressions to test in which case an android robot like the Geminoid|DK ---a duplicate of an Original person- reveals emotions convincingly; when following an empirical perspective, or when following a theoretical one. The methodology includes the processes of acquiring the empirical data, and gathering feedback on them. Our findings are based on the results derived from a number of judgments, and suggest that before programming the facial expressions of a Geminoid, the Original should pass through the proposed procedure. According to our recommendations, the facial expressions of an android should be tested by judges, even in cases that no Original is engaged in the android face creation.