The active badge location system
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The Cricket location-support system
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The Earth Mover's Distance as a Metric for Image Retrieval
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VOR base stations for indoor 802.11 positioning
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LANDMARC: indoor location sensing using active RFID
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The Horus WLAN location determination system
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An RF-Based System for Tracking Transceiver-Free Objects
PERCOM '07 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Robust location distinction using temporal link signatures
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Challenges: device-free passive localization for wireless environments
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VIRE: Active RFID-based Localization Using Virtual Reference Elimination
ICPP '07 Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Parallel Processing
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CILoS: a CDMA indoor localization system
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Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Radio-telepathy: extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Indoor localization based on response rate of bluetooth inquiries
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Spinning beacons for precise indoor localization
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SurroundSense: mobile phone localization via ambience fingerprinting
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
On the effectiveness of secret key extraction from wireless signal strength in real environments
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Combined AOA and TOA NLOS localization with nonlinear programming in severe multipath environments
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
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IEEE Transactions on Communications
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ICDCS '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
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See-Through Walls: Motion Tracking Using Variance-Based Radio Tomography Networks
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I am the antenna: accurate outdoor AP location using smartphones
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IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
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Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
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Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
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nsdi'13 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
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The spatial features of emitted wireless signals are the basis of location distinction and determination for wireless indoor localization. Available in mainstream wireless signal measurements, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) has been adopted in vast indoor localization systems. However, it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in complex situations due to multipath fading and temporal dynamics. Break-through techniques resort to finer-grained wireless channel measurement than RSSI. Different from RSSI, the PHY layer power feature, channel response, is able to discriminate multipath characteristics, and thus holds the potential for the convergence of accurate and pervasive indoor localization. Channel State Information (CSI, reflecting channel response in 802.11 a/g/n) has attracted many research efforts and some pioneer works have demonstrated submeter or even centimeter-level accuracy. In this article, we survey this new trend of channel response in localization. The differences between CSI and RSSI are highlighted with respect to network layering, time resolution, frequency resolution, stability, and accessibility. Furthermore, we investigate a large body of recent works and classify them overall into three categories according to how to use CSI. For each category, we emphasize the basic principles and address future directions of research in this new and largely open area.