Synchronizing clocks in the presence of faults
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Inexact agreement: accuracy, precision, and graceful degradation
Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system
Communications of the ACM
Maintaining the time in a distributed system
PODC '83 Proceedings of the second annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
A new fault-tolerant algorithm for clock synchronization
PODC '84 Proceedings of the third annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
An Approach to Experimental Evaluation of Real-Time Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computing Schemes
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Hardware-Assisted Software Clock Synchronization for Homogeneous Distributed Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
An Upper Bound on Expected Clock Skew in Synchronous Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Optimal clock synchronization under different delay assumptions
PODC '93 Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
CesiumSpray: a Precise and Accurate Global Time Servicefor Large-scale Systems
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part III
Specification and Implementation of the Universal TimeCoordinated Synchronization Unit (UTCSU)
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part III
Interval-based Clock Synchronization
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part II
GPS-based Clock Synchronization in a Mobile, Distributed Real-Time System
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part I
Implementing a Probabilistic Clock Synchronization Algorithm
Real-Time Systems
An interval-based framework for clock rate synchronization
PODC '97 Proceedings of the sixteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Timed consistency for shared distributed objects
Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Systematic Formal Verification for Fault-Tolerant Time-Triggered Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Replica Determinism and Flexible Scheduling in Hard Real-Time Dependable Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
A Network Time Interface M-Module for Distributing GPS-Timeover LANs
Real-Time Systems - Selected papers from IFAC/IFIP workshops on real-time programming
Time driven operating systems: a case study on the MARS kernel
EW 5 Proceedings of the 5th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: Models and paradigms for distributed systems structuring
Software Architecture for Processing Clusters Based on I2O
Cluster Computing
Feedback Flow Control with Hysteresial Techniques for Multimedia Retrievals
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Developing Real-Time Tasks With Predictable Timing
IEEE Software
Timing Constraint Remapping to Achieve Time Equi-Continuity in Distributed Real-Time Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Optimal Agreement Protocol in Malicious Faulty Processors and Faulty Links
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Rollback Recovery in Distributed Systems Using Loosely Synchronized Clocks
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Probabilistic Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Reliable Real-Time Communication in Cooperative Mobile Applications
IEEE Transactions on Computers
A Fault Tolerant Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Systems with Low-Precision Oscillators
EDCC-3 Proceedings of the Third European Dependable Computing Conference on Dependable Computing
A Timed Calculus for Distributed Objects with Clocks
ECOOP '93 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
Implementing Ada.Real_Time.Clock and Absolute Delays in Real-Time Kernels
Ada Europe '01 Proceedings of the 6th Ade-Europe International Conference Leuven on Reliable Software Technologies
Middleware Support for Voting and Data Fusion
DSN '01 Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (formerly: FTCS)
Low-Cost Hybrid Internal Clock Synchronization Mechanism for COTS PC Cluster (Research Note)
Euro-Par '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Euro-Par Conference on Parallel Processing
A causal message ordering scheme for distributed embedded real-time systems
SRDS '96 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
Fault Injection Based on a Partial View of the Global State of a Distributed System
SRDS '99 Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
A Timeout-Based Message Ordering Protocol for a Lightweight Software Implementation of TMR Systems
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
An Efficient TDMA Start-Up and Restart Synchronization Approach for Distributed Embedded Systems
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Causality and the spatial-temporal ordering in mobile systems
Mobile Networks and Applications
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Low-cost clock synchronization
Distributed Computing
Feedback-Based Synchronization in System Area Networks for Cluster Computing
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
The TTA's Approach to Resilience after Transient Upsets
Real-Time Systems
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
A protocol for distributed multimedia capture for personal communicating devices
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Autonomic computing and communication systems
MU-Sync: a time synchronization protocol for underwater mobile networks
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Underwater Networks
Distributed Computing Software Building-Blocks for Ubiquitous Computing Societies
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
On the time synchronization of distributed log files in networks with local broadcast media
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Low-power clock synchronization using electromagnetic energy radiating from AC power lines
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Optimal clock synchronization in networks
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Low complexity clock synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks with unknown delay
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
Lifting the Level of Abstraction Dealt with in Programming of Networked Embedded Computing Systems
SEUS '09 Proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 10.2 International Workshop on Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems
Flat soft-synchronization for gigabit ethernet
INFOCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE international conference on Computer Communications Workshops
Time synchronization in wireless sensor network applications
SEUS'07 Proceedings of the 5th IFIP WG 10.2 international conference on Software technologies for embedded and ubiquitous systems
OTM'07 Proceedings of the 2007 OTM Confederated international conference on On the move to meaningful internet systems: CoopIS, DOA, ODBASE, GADA, and IS - Volume Part I
Recent additions on the application programming interface of the TMO support middleware
Proceedings of the 13th Monterey conference on Composition of embedded systems: scientific and industrial issues
SMT-based formal verification of a TTEthernet synchronization function
FMICS'10 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Formal methods for industrial critical systems
Dependable computing: concepts, limits, challenges
FTCS'95 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth international conference on Fault-tolerant computing
Clock synchronization for wireless local area networks
Euromicro-RTS'00 Proceedings of the 12th Euromicro conference on Real-time systems
Using deterministic replay for debugging of distributed real-time systems
Euromicro-RTS'00 Proceedings of the 12th Euromicro conference on Real-time systems
An automatic trace based performance evaluation model building for parallel distributed systems
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance engineering
A hybrid communication solution to distributed moving query monitoring systems
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Automatica (Journal of IFAC)
Networking in modern avionics: challenges and opportunities
ACM SIGBED Review - Special Issue on the 10th International Workshop on Real-time Networks (RTN 2011)
Architecting Dependable Systems III
Distributed goal-oriented computing
Journal of Systems and Software
ECMAF: an event-based cross-layer service monitoring and adaptation framework
ICSOC'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Service-Oriented Computing
Deadline prediction scheduling based on benefits
Future Generation Computer Systems
Automatica (Journal of IFAC)
Fault-tolerant scheduling in homogeneous real-time systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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The generation of a fault-tolerant global time base with known accuracy of synchronization is one of the important operating system functions in a distributed real-time system. Depending on the types and number of tolerated faults, this paper presents upper bounds on the achievable synchronization accuracy for external and internal synchronization in a distributed real-time system. The concept of continuous versus instantaneous synchronization is introduced in order to generate a uniform common time base for local, global, and external time measurements. In the last section, the functions of a VLSI clock synchronization unit, which improves the synchronization accuracy and reduces the CPU load, are described. With this unit, the CPU overhead and the network traffic for clock synchronization in state-of-the-art distributed real-time systems can be reduced to less than 1 percent.