REAL: a program for REgister ALlocation
DAC '87 Proceedings of the 24th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Optimal register assignment to loops for embedded code generation
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Post-compaction register assignment in a retargetable compiler
MICRO 23 Proceedings of the 23rd annual workshop and symposium on Microprogramming and microarchitecture
Instruction selection, resource allocation, and scheduling in the AVIV retargetable code generator
DAC '98 Proceedings of the 35th annual Design Automation Conference
Lower bound on latency for VLIW ASIP datapaths
ICCAD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Retargetable Compilers for Embedded Core Processors: Methods and Experience in Industrial Applications
Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits
Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits
Code Generation for Embedded Processors
Code Generation for Embedded Processors
Design Challenges for New Application-Specific Processors
IEEE Design & Test
Reducing dynamic and leakage energy in VLIW architectures
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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One of the challenging tasks in code generation for embedded systems is register allocation and assignment, wherein one decides on the placement and lifetimes of variables in registers. When there are more live variables than registers, some variables need to be spilled to memory and restored later. In this paper we propose a policy that minimizes the number of spills — which is critical for portable embedded systems since it leads to a decrease in energy consumption. We argue however, that schedules with a minimal number of spills do not necessarily have minimum latency. Accordingly, we propose a class of policies that explore tradeoffs between assignments leading to schedules with low latency versus those leading to low energy consumption and show how to tune them to particular datapath characteristics. Based on experimental results we propose a criterion to select a register assignment policy that for 99% of the cases we considered minimizes both latency and energy consumption associated with spills to memory.