Embodied conversational interface agents
Communications of the ACM
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Designing and evaluating conversational interfaces with animated characters
Embodied conversational agents
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Modalities for building relationships with handheld computer agents
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Head gestures for perceptual interfaces: The role of context in improving recognition
Artificial Intelligence
Context awareness in a handheld exercise agent
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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This paper presents a study of individuals having conversations with animated characters on PDAs, and characterizes their use of natural nonverbal behavior compared to behavior exhibited in similar conversations with another person. The study finds that most people use the same nonverbal behavior in conversation handheld characters that they use in conversations with people, although the frequency is somewhat lower in the handheld case. These results can inform the design of new PDA input modalities which leverage the natural nonverbal behavior observed.