Getting around the task-artifact cycle: how to make claims and design by scenario
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Usability inspection methods
The cognitive walkthrough method: a practitioner's guide
Usability inspection methods
Key frame preview techniques for video browsing
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries
Designing claims for reuse in interactive systems design
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From Gutenberg to the global information infrastructure: access to information in the networked world
Use of multiple digital libraries: a case study
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Cross-cultural usability of the library metaphor
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Usability for digital libraries
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
The Inmates Are Running the Asylum
The Inmates Are Running the Asylum
The cascade of interactions in the digital library interface
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
ECDL '02 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
Workshop report: usability of digital libraries @ JCDL'02
ACM SIGIR Forum
A generic alerting service for digital libraries
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Disrupting digital library development with scenario informed design
Interacting with Computers
Evaluating a digital library self-archiving service: The BDBComp user case study
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
A comparative study of two usability evaluation methods using a web-based e-learning application
Proceedings of the 2007 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
Interacting with information resources: digital libraries for education
International Journal of Learning Technology
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Large-Scale impact of digital library services: findings from a major evaluation of SCRAN
ECDL'06 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
Finding appropriate learning objects: an empirical evaluation
ECDL'05 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
Formalising an understanding of user-system misfits
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
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There are two main kinds of approach to considering usability of any system: empirical and analytical. Empirical techniques involve testing systems with users, whereas analytical techniques involve usability personnel assessing systems using established theories and methods. We report here on a set of studies in which four different techniques were applied to various digital libraries, focusing on the strengths, limitations and scope of each approach. Two of the techniques, Heuristic Evaluation and Cognitive Walkthrough, were applied in text-book fashion, because there was no obvious way to contextualize them to the Digital Libraries (DL) domain. For the third, Claims Analysis, it was possible to develop a set of re-usable scenarios and personas that relate the approach specifically to DL development. The fourth technique, CASSM, relates explicitly to the DL domain by combining empirical data with an analytical approach. We have found that Heuristic Evaluation and Cognitive Walkthrough only address superficial aspects of interface design (but are good for that), whereas Claims Analysis and CASSM can help identify deeper conceptual difficulties (but demand greater skill of the analyst). However, none fit seamlessly with existing digital library development practices, highlighting an important area for further work to support improved usability.