Novice mistakes: are the folk wisdoms correct?
Communications of the ACM
Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse
Computational Linguistics
Debugging by skilled and novice programmers
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Alternatives to construct-based programming misconceptions
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Expert problem solving strategies for program comprehension
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Integration of inter-personal space and shared workspace: ClearBoard design and experiments
CSCW '92 Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
Mental representations of programs by novices and experts
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Turning away from talking heads: the use of video-as-data in neurosurgery
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Shared workspaces: how do they work and when are they useful?
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Centering: a framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse
Computational Linguistics
Eye tracking in advanced interface design
Virtual environments and advanced interface design
Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Piazza: a desktop environment supporting impromptu and planned interactions
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Your place or mine? Learning from long-term use of audio-video communication
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Supporting awareness of others in groupware
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical study of novice program comprehension in the imperative and object-oriented styles
ESP '97 Papers presented at the seventh workshop on Empirical studies of programmers
Fragmented interaction: establishing mutual orientation in virtual environments
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Programmers use slices when debugging
Communications of the ACM
Tapping into tacit programming knowledge
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Memory representations in natural tasks
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology
Human-Computer Interaction
Weak gaze awareness in video-mediated communication
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Analyzing individual performance of source code review using reviewers' eye movement
Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Exploiting Eye Movements for Evaluating Reviewer's Performance in Software Review
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
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Expertise in computer programming can often be difficult to transfer verbally. Moreover, technical training and communication occur more and more between people who are located at a distance. We tested the hypothesis that seeing one person's visual focus of attention (represented as an eyegaze cursor) while debugging software (displayed as text on a screen) can be helpful to another person doing the same task. In an experiment, a group of professional programmers searched for bugs in small Java programs while wearing an unobtrusive head-mounted eye tracker. Later, a second set of programmers searched for bugs in the same programs. For half of the bugs, the second set of programmers first viewed a recording of an eyegaze cursor from one of the first programmers displayed over the (indistinct) screen of code, and for the other half they did not. The second set of programmers found the bugs more quickly after viewing the eye gaze of the first programmers, suggesting that another person's eye gaze, produced instrumentally (as opposed to intentionally, like pointing with a mouse), can be a useful cue in problem solving. This finding supports the potential of eye gaze as a valuable cue for collaborative interaction in a visuo-spatial task conducted at a distance.