Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Display of Surfaces from Volume Data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Volume rendering by adaptive refinement
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Octrees for faster isosurface generation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A Lipschitz method for accelerated volume rendering
VVS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Virtual voyage: interactive navigation in the human colon
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adaptive perspective ray casting
VVS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
A visibility determination algorithm for interactive virtual endoscopy
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Image based rendering with stable frame rates
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Mastering interactive virtual Bronchioscopy on a Low—end PC
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
Cell-based first-hit ray casting
VISSYM '02 Proceedings of the symposium on Data Visualisation 2002
Perspective Projection through Parallel Projected Slabs for Virtual Endoscopy
SCCG '01 Proceedings of the 17th Spring conference on Computer graphics
Efficient display of background objects for virtual endoscopy using flexible first-hit ray casting
VISSYM'04 Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG conference on Visualization
Advanced Virtual Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
High-Quality Multimodal Volume Rendering for Preoperative Planning of Neurosurgical Interventions
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Enhancing slice-based visualizations of medical volume data
EUROVIS'06 Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
Perspective isosurface and direct volume rendering for virtual endoscopy applications
EUROVIS'06 Proceedings of the Eighth Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
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Endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure, applied to remove various kinds of pituitary tumors. To reduce the risk associated with this treatment, the surgeon must be skilled and well-prepared. Virtual endoscopy can be beneficial as a tool for training, preoperative planning and intraoperative support. This paper introduces STEPS, a virtual endoscopy system designed to aid surgeons in getting acquainted with the endoscopic view, the handling of instruments, the transsphenoidal approach and challenges associated with the procedure. STEPS also assists experienced surgeons in planning a real endoscopic intervention by getting familiar with the individual patient anatomy, identifying landmarks, planning the approach and deciding upon the ideal target position of the actual surgical activity. Besides interactive visualization using two different first-hit ray casting techniques, the application provides navigation and perception aids and the possibility to simulate the procedure, including haptic feedback and simulation of surgical instruments.