The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic 3D graphics workload characterization and the architectural implications
Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
JouleTrack: a web based tool for software energy profiling
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
3d Computer Graphics with Cdrom
3d Computer Graphics with Cdrom
3D graphics LSI core for mobile phone "Z3D"
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
Rendering time estimation for real-time rendering
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Integrated power management for video streaming to mobile handheld devices
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
3D graphics rendering time modeling and control for mobile terminals
Proceedings of the ninth international conference on 3D Web technology
A flexible simulation framework for graphics architectures
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware
Energy-aware wireless systems with adaptive power-fidelity tradeoffs
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Signature-based workload estimation for mobile 3D graphics
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Control theory-based DVS for interactive 3D games
Proceedings of the 45th annual Design Automation Conference
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Rank based dynamic voltage and frequency scaling fortiled graphics processors
CODES/ISSS '10 Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Primitive processing and advanced shading architecture for embedded space
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on High Performance Graphics
Power gating strategies on GPUs
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
Towards peer-assisted rendering in networked virtual environments
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Boosting mobile GPU performance with a decoupled access/execute fragment processor
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
3D Talking-Head Interface to Voice-Interactive Services on Mobile Phones
International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction
Parallel frame rendering: trading responsiveness for energy on a mobile GPU
PACT '13 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
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The world of 3D graphics, until recently restricted to high-end workstations and game consoles, is rapidly expanding into the domain of mobile platforms such as cellular phones and PDAs. Even as the mobile chip market is poised to exceed production of 500 million chips per year, incorporation of 3D graphics in handhelds poses several serious challenges to the hardware designer. Compared with other platforms, graphics on handhelds have to contend with limited energy supplies and lower computing horsepower. Nevertheless, images must still be rendered at high quality since handheld screens are typically held closer to the observer's eye, making imperfections and approximations very noticeable.In this paper, we provide an in-depth quantitative analysis of the power consumption of mobile 3D graphics pipelines. We analyze the effects of various 3D graphics factors such as resolution, frame rate, level of detail, lighting and texture maps on power consumption. We demonstrate that significant imbalance exists across the workloads of different graphics pipeline stages. In addition, we illustrate how this imbalance may vary dynamically, depending on the characteristics of the graphics application. Based on this observation, we identify and compare the benefits of candidate Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) schemes for mobile 3D graphics pipelines. In our experiments we observe that DVFS for mobile 3D graphics reduces energy by as much as 50%.