Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Tracing interactive 3D graphics programs
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Performance evaluation for computer image synthesis systems
Performance evaluation for computer image synthesis systems
Characterization of static 3D graphics workloads
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Architectural implications of hardware-accelerated bucket rendering on the PC
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
The design and analysis of a cache architecture for texture mapping
Proceedings of the 24th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Multi-level texture caching for 3D graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 25th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Computer architecture (2nd ed.): a quantitative approach
Computer architecture (2nd ed.): a quantitative approach
Design of the 21174 memory controller for DIGITAL Personal Workstations
Digital Technical Journal
Unsolved problems and opportunities for high-quality, high-performance 3D graphics on a PC platform
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Fast spheres, shadows, textures, transparencies, and imgage enhancements in pixel-planes
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A parallel algorithm for polygon rasterization
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A display system for the Stellar graphics supercomputer model GS1000
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
VRML Browsing and Building Cyberspace: Browsing and Building Cyberspace
VRML Browsing and Building Cyberspace: Browsing and Building Cyberspace
Animac: a multiprocessor architecture for real-time computer animation (graphics, shadows, vlsi)
Animac: a multiprocessor architecture for real-time computer animation (graphics, shadows, vlsi)
GraalBench: a 3D graphics benchmark suite for mobile phones
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Power analysis of mobile 3D graphics
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe: Proceedings
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Signature-based workload estimation for mobile 3D graphics
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Tracy: a debugger and system analyzer for cross-platform graphics development
Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS symposium on Graphics hardware
Energy-driven statistical sampling: detecting software hotspots
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
SystemC-based design space exploration of a 3D graphics acceleration SoC for consumer electronics
EUC'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Embedded and ubiquitous computing
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Although PC-class 3D graphics hardware has made significant strides in the last several years, the underlying architectural design principles are still generally considered as a black art. The quantitative approach prevalent in mainstream computer architecture design is rarely applied, at least as far as publicly available research literature is concerned. One main reason for this deficiency is the absence of a detailed workload characterization of 3D applications. This paper reports the results of a dynamic 3D workload characterization effort, which focuses on interactive 3D applications spanning multiple frames. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first such studies that have ever been attempted. In addition, whenever possible, this paper presents the empirical workload characteristics in the light of their architectural implications and detailed design trade-offs. In particular, the paper discusses quantitatively the extent to which the workload impacts graphics architecture features such as rasterization pipeline, frame buffer design, texture memory management and system bus design.