Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse
Computational Linguistics
The society of mind
Collaborative interface agents
AAAI '94 Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on Artificial intelligence (vol. 1)
Centering: a framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse
Computational Linguistics
Limited attention and discourse structure
Computational Linguistics
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
How might people interact with agents
Software agents
Human values and the design of computer technology
Human values and the design of computer technology
BodyChat: autonomous communicative behaviors in avatars
AGENTS '98 Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents
Design principles for intelligent environments
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Where to look? Automating attending behaviors of virtual human characters
Proceedings of the third annual conference on Autonomous Agents
SUITOR: an attentive information system
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Embodied conversational interface agents
Communications of the ACM
Speech interfaces from an evolutionary perspective
Communications of the ACM
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
Truth is beauty: researching embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Evaluating look-to-talk: a gaze-aware interface in a collaborative environment
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
Embodied agents for multi-party dialogue in immersive virtual worlds
Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: part 2
The effects of visual proxemic information in video mediated communication
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Explaining effects of eye gaze on mediated group conversations:: amount or synchronization?
CSCW '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
COLLAGEN: A Collaboration Manager for Software Interface Agents
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Communications of the ACM
Collaborative Discourse Theory as a Foundation for Tutorial Dialogue
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Fugue: A Computer Mediated Conversational System that Supports Turn Negotiation
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 3 - Volume 3
Prosody Based Co-analysis for Continuous Recognition of Coverbal Gestures
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
Agents that care: investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent
Non-verbal cues for discourse structure
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Evaluating users' experience of a character-enhanced information space
AI Communications
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Letizia: an agent that assists web browsing
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Understanding RUTH: creating believable behaviors for a virtual human under uncertainty
ICDHM'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Digital human modeling
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Traditionally, an optimal embodied conversational agent (ECA) has the same capabilities and appearance as an actual person. This chapter proposes a 'user as assessor' approach to evaluating ECAs that focuses on how ECAs manifest human capabilities independent of actual capabilities that an ECA may possess. Literatures on humans as producers of behavior and humans as interpreters of behavior are leveraged to draw implications for how ECAs should behave to seem most realistic to their human assessors. To illustrate the approach, we answer the question, "what will convince a user that an ECA is paying attention to him or her, whether the ECA truly is paying attention or not?" 'Apparent attention' is conceptualized in terms of two basic dimensions - selectivity and breadth - and their indicators and impacts. Using the proposed approach, the chapter provides guidelines for how agents, conversational agents, and ECAs can effectively exhibit attention.