The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
The role of emotion in believable agents
Communications of the ACM
Situated facial displays: towards social interaction
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical study of attending and comprehending multimedia presentations
MULTIMEDIA '96 Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Multimedia
The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Developing for Microsoft Agent
Developing for Microsoft Agent
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
AGENTS '00 Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols
ETRA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Listen to your heart rate: counting the cost of media quality
Affective interactions
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
The Persona Effect: How Substantial Is It?
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in humanComputer interaction
Physiological responses to different WEB page designs
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in humanComputer interaction
The PPP persona: a multipurpose animated presentation agent
AVI '96 Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces
Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (Cognitive Technologies)
Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (Cognitive Technologies)
Eye Tracking as a New Interface for Image Retrieval
BT Technology Journal
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Towards a model of face-to-face grounding
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Understanding the effect of life-like interface agents through users' eye movements
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Gaze-based infotainment agents
Proceedings of the international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Highly Realistic 3D Presentation Agents with Visual Attention Capability
SG '07 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Hi-index | 0.02 |
We motivate an approach to evaluating the utility of life-like interface agents that is based on human eye movements rather than questionnaires. An eye tracker is employed to obtain quantitative evidence of a user's focus of attention without distracting from the primary task. The salient feature of our evaluation strategy is that it allows us to measure important properties of a user's interaction experience on a moment-by-moment basis in addition to a cumulative (spatial) analysis of the user's areas of interest. We describe a pilot study in which we compare attending behavior of subjects watching the presentation of a computer-generated apartment layout and visualization augmented by three types of media: an animated agent, a text box, and speech only. The investigation of eye movements revealed that deictic gestures performed by the agent are more effective in directing the attentional focus of subjects to relevant interface objects than the media used in the two control conditions, at a slight cost of distracting the user from visual inspection of the object of reference. The results also demonstrate that the presence of an interface agent seemingly triggers natural and social interaction protocols of human users.