Movement problems for 2-dimensional linkages
SIAM Journal on Computing
On using genetic algorithms to search program spaces
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Proceedings of the seventh international conference (1990) on Machine learning
Making them move: mechanics, control, and animation of articulated figures
Making them move: mechanics, control, and animation of articulated figures
Coping with friction for non-penetrating rigid body simulation
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animation of dynamic legged locomotion
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Interactive spacetime control for animation
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
AI Magazine
Spacetime constraints revisited
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Evolving dynamical neural networks for adaptive behavior
Adaptive Behavior
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic animation of rigid bodies
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Motion interpolation by optimal control
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Learning Sequential Decision Rules Using Simulation Models and Competition
Machine Learning - Special issue on genetic algorithms
Properties of the Bucket Brigade
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Parallel Genetic Algorithms Population Genetics and Combinatorial Optimization
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Algorithm for Inducing Control Rules for a Dynamic System
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Uniform Crossover in Genetic Algorithms
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
A learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms
A learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms
Interactive Character Animation Using Simulated Physics: A State-of-the-Art Review
Computer Graphics Forum
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Motion-synthesis problems arise in the creation of physically realistic animations involving autonomous characters. Trpically characters are required to perform goal tasks, subject to physical law and other constraints on their motion. Witkin and Kass (1988) dubbed this class of problems “Spacetime Constraints“ (SC) and presented results for specific problems involving an articulated figure. Their approach was based on a procedure for the local optimization of an initial approximate trajectory supplied by the user. Unfortunately, SC problems are typically multimodal and discontinuous, and the number of decision alternatives available at each time step can be exponential in the number of degrees of freedom in the system. Thus, constructing even coarse trajectories for subsequent optimization can be difficult. We present an algorithm that constructs such trajectories de novo, without directive input from the user. Rather than use a time-series representation, which might be appropriate for local optimization, our algorithm uses a stimulus-response model. Locomotive skills appropriate for the given articulated figure are acquired through repeated testing of (simulated) reality. Our initial implementation, which chooses stimulus-response parameters using a parallel genetic algorithm, succeeds in finding good, novel solutions for a test suite of SC problems involving unbranched 2-D linkages.