Using dynamic analysis for realistic animation of articulated bodies
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
International Journal of Robotics Research
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the seventh international conference (1990) on Machine learning
Animation of dynamic legged locomotion
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Beyond keyframing: an algorithmic approach to animation
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '92
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automated learning of muscle-actuated locomotion through control abstraction
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Further experience with controller-based automatic motion synthesis for articulated figures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Limit cycle control and its application to the animation of balancing and walking
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adapting simulated behaviors for new characters
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
NeuroAnimator: fast neural network emulation and control of physics-based models
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Behavior-based primitives for articulated control
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats 5
Physically based motion transformation
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive control for physically-based animation
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Dynamic simulations of multibody systems
Dynamic simulations of multibody systems
Composable controllers for physics-based character animation
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling tension and relaxation for computer animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Motion capture-driven simulations that hit and react
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Making Complex Articulated Agents Dance
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics
ICES '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware
Policy Invariance Under Reward Transformations: Theory and Application to Reward Shaping
ICML '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
User-Controlled Physics-Based Animation for Articulated Figures
CA '96 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
CIRA '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation
Efficient synthesis of physically valid human motion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Motion Perturbation Based on Simple Neuromotor Control Models
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Hybrid Control for Interactive Character Animation
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Synthesizing physically realistic human motion in low-dimensional, behavior-specific spaces
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Layered dynamic control for interactive character swimming
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
User interfaces for interactive control of physics-based 3D characters
Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Dynamic response for motion capture animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Physically based grasping control from example
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Dynamic Animation and Control Environment
GI '05 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2005
Dynamo: dynamic, data-driven character control with adjustable balance
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Videogames
Interactive animation of dynamic manipulation
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Composition of complex optimal multi-character motions
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Multiobjective control with frictional contacts
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Interactive dynamic response for games
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games
SIMBICON: simple biped locomotion control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Simulating biped behaviors from human motion data
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Impulse-Based Control of Joints and Muscles
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Evaluation of real-time physics simulation systems
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia
Rigid Body Dynamics Algorithms
Rigid Body Dynamics Algorithms
Physically realistic motion synthesis in animation
Evolutionary Computation
Continuation methods for adapting simulated skills
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Interactive simulation of stylized human locomotion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Musculotendon simulation for hand animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Synthesis of constrained walking skills
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Accelerometer-based user interfaces for the control of a physically simulated character
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Animating Human Locomotion with Inverse Dynamics
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Optimization-based interactive motion synthesis
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Simple Feedforward Control for Responsive Motion Capture-Driven Simulations
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing
Performance-based control interface for character animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Contact-aware nonlinear control of dynamic characters
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Linear Bellman combination for control of character animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Comprehensive biomechanical modeling and simulation of the upper body
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Optimizing walking controllers
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
Robust task-based control policies for physics-based characters
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
Reinforcement learning: a survey
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Evolved Controllers for Simulated Locomotion
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
Real-Time Physics-Based 3D Biped Character Animation Using an Inverted Pendulum Model
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Prioritized optimization for task-space control
IROS'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/RSJ international conference on Intelligent robots and systems
Robust physics-based locomotion using low-dimensional planning
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Terrain-adaptive bipedal locomotion control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Optimizing walking controllers for uncertain inputs and environments
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Optimal feedback control for character animation using an abstract model
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Sampling-based contact-rich motion control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Generalized biped walking control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Feature-based locomotion controllers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Goal-directed stepping with momentum control
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Performance capture with physical interaction
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Evaluating the physical realism of character animations using musculoskeletal models
MIG'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Motion in games
Articulated swimming creatures
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
Locomotion skills for simulated quadrupeds
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
Composite control of physically simulated characters
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Stable Proportional-Derivative Controllers
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Direct Control of Simulated Nonhuman Characters
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Modal-space control for articulated characters
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Controlling physics-based characters using soft contacts
Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia Conference
Injury assessment for physics-based characters
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
Optimizing locomotion controllers using biologically-based actuators and objectives
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - SIGGRAPH 2012 Conference Proceedings
Evolution of central pattern generators for bipedal walking in areal-time physics environment
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Flexible muscle-based locomotion for bipedal creatures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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Physics simulation offers the possibility of truly responsive and realistic animation. Despite wide adoption of physics simulation for the animation of passive phenomena, such as fluids, cloths and rag-doll characters, commercial applications still resort to kinematics-based approaches for the animation of actively controlled characters. However, following a renewed interest in the use of physics simulation for interactive character animation, many recent publications demonstrate tremendous improvements in robustness, visual quality and usability. We present a structured review of over two decades of research on physics-based character animation, as well as point out various open research areas and possible future directions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.