Merging virtual objects with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces
CSCW '92 Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Collaboration in performance of physical tasks: effects on outcomes and communication
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Populating the application: a model of awareness for cooperative applications
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Object-focused interaction in collaborative virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction and collaborative virtual environments
The affordances of media spaces for collaboration
CSCW '92 Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Communication Behaviors of Co-Located Users in Collaborative AR Interfaces
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Wearable Computers for Three Dimensional CSCW
ISWC '97 Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Asymmetries in Collaborative Wearable Interfaces
ISWC '99 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
"Where Are You Pointing At?" A Study of Remote Collaboration in a Wearable Videoconference System
ISWC '99 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
AMMP-Vis: a collaborative virtual environment for molecular modeling
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
BalloonProbe: reducing occlusion in 3D using interactive space distortion
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Attention funnel: omnidirectional 3D cursor for mobile augmented reality platforms
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Understanding the design space of referencing in collaborative augmented reality environments
GI '07 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007
Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology
Human-Computer Interaction
ISMAR '06 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Proximity and view awareness to reduce referential ambiguity in a shared 3D virtual environment
CSCL '02 Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community
Review and functional classification of collaborative systems
International Journal of Information Management: The Journal for Information Professionals
See-through techniques for referential awareness in collaborative virtual reality
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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For successful collaboration to occur, a fundamental requirement is the ability for participants to refer to artifacts within the shared environment. This task is often straightforward in traditional collaborative desktop applications, yet the spatial properties found in mixed reality environments greatly impact the complexity of generating and interpreting meaningful reference cues. Although awareness is a very active area of research, little focus has been given to the environmental and contextual factors that influence referencing or the costs associated with supporting it in mixed reality environments. The work presented here consists of a compilation of understanding we have gained through user observation, participant feedback and system development. We begin by summarizing our findings from several user studies in collaborative augmented reality (AR). To organize the complexity associated with referencing in AR, we enumerate contextual and environmental factors that influence referential awareness - integrating discussion about user preferences and the impact they have on the underlying technological requirements. Finally, we discuss how these factors can impact the design space of collaborative systems and describe the cost associated with supporting references in collaborative AR.