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SIGMETRICS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Embra: fast and flexible machine simulation
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
MediaBench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communicatons systems
MICRO 30 Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Wattch: a framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations
Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
A discrete-time battery model for high-level power estimation
DATE '00 Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
SensorSim: a simulation framework for sensor networks
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ACM Algorithm 395: Student's t-distribution
Communications of the ACM
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Time-to-failure estimation for batteries in portable electronic systems
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Maté: a tiny virtual machine for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Complete Computer System Simulation: The SimOS Approach
IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Technology
Efficient memory simulation in SimICS
SS '95 Proceedings of the 28th Annual Simulation Symposium
Locating Tiny Sensors in Time and Space: A Case Study
ICCD '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors (ICCD'02)
Computation hierarchy for in-network processing
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
TOSSIM: accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
SENS: A Sensor, Environment and Network Simulator
ANSS '04 Proceedings of the 37th annual symposium on Simulation
Impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
XTREM: a power simulator for the Intel XScale® core
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A system for simulation, emulation, and deployment of heterogeneous sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Dynamic phase analysis for cycle-close trace generation
CODES+ISSS '05 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite
WWC '01 Proceedings of the Workload Characterization, 2001. WWC-4. 2001 IEEE International Workshop
Statistical model of lossy links in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
MoteLab: a wireless sensor network testbed
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Disens: scalable distributed sensor network simulation
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
EmStar: a software environment for developing and deploying wireless sensor networks
ATEC '04 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Accurate prediction of power consumption in sensor networks
EmNets '05 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors
SimICS/sun4m: a virtual workstation
ATEC '98 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access
Survey: Distributed algorithm engineering for networks of tiny artifacts
Computer Science Review
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Simulation is an important tool to study and analyze sensor networks. Prior work in sensor network simulation focuses on homogeneous devices. In this paper, we present a system that performs scalable and accurate simulation of a network of heterogeneous sensor devices, including both Stargate intermediate level devices and mote devices. We study accuracy, performance, and scalability of our system. The results show that we can achieve accurate functional behavior for both standalone Stargate simulation and ensemble simulation of a Stargate and motes. For motes, we have less than 4.06% cycle count error for all benchmarks and for Stargate, we have less than 10% error for most benchmarks, and less than 12.5% error for all benchmarks. We also achieve less than 3.6% error for all benchmarks when simulating an ensemble of Stargate and motes. Our system is also more scalable than prior work. We can simulate 160 sensor nodes in real time speed and 2,048 sensor nodes with ten times slowdown on a 16-node cluster.