Pipeline gating: speculation control for energy reduction
Proceedings of the 25th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Advanced Computer Architecture: Parallelism,Scalability,Programmability
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Razor: A Low-Power Pipeline Based on Circuit-Level Timing Speculation
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Improved clock-gating through transparent pipelining
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
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Soft-edge flip-flops for improved timing yield: design and optimization
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
A mathematical solution to power optimal pipeline design by utilizing soft edge flip-flops
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Exploiting Setup–Hold-Time Interdependence in Static Timing Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
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Efficiently tolerating timing violations in pipelined microprocessors
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
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In this paper, we present a technique to optimize the energy-delay product of a synchronous linear pipeline circuit with dynamic error detection and correction capability running. The technique dynamically adjusts the supply voltage level and clock frequency of the design by exploiting slacks that are present in various stages of the pipeline. The key enabler is the utilization of soft-edge flip-flops to allow time borrowing between consecutive stages of the pipeline in order to provide the timing-critical stages with more time to complete their computations resulting in lower error probability. This raises the effective throughput of the pipeline for a fixed energy consumption level, or alternatively, lowers the energy consumption for the same effective throughput. We formulate the problem of optimally selecting the transparency window sizes of the soft-edge flip-flops and the frequency level of the pipeline circuit at different voltage levels so as to optimize the energy cost of the achieved throughput. Experimental results show the efficacy of the problem formulation and solution technique.