Beating the I/O bottleneck: a case for log-structured file systems
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A performance comparison of RAID-5 and log-structured arrays
HPDC '95 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing
Real-time garbage collection for flash-memory storage systems of real-time embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
A flash-memory based file system
TCON'95 Proceedings of the USENIX 1995 Technical Conference Proceedings
Competitive analysis of flash-memory algorithms
ESA'06 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Annual European Symposium - Volume 14
Endurance enhancement of flash-memory storage systems: an efficient static wear leveling design
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Extending SSD lifetimes with disk-based write caches
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
Performance of greedy garbage collection in flash-based solid-state drives
Performance Evaluation
The pitfalls of deploying solid-state drive RAIDs
Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Systems and Storage
Data management over flash memory
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
ExLRU: a unified write buffer cache management for flash memory
EMSOFT '11 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Embedded software
ShiftFlash: Make flash-based storage more resilient and robust
Performance Evaluation
Reorder the write sequence by virtual write buffer to extend SSD's lifespan
NPC'11 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP international conference on Network and parallel computing
Delta-FTL: improving SSD lifetime via exploiting content locality
Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems
A mathematical model of the trim command in NAND-flash SSDs
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Lifetime management of flash-based SSDs using recovery-aware dynamic throttling
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Empirical analysis of solid state disk data retention when used with contemporary operating systems
Digital Investigation: The International Journal of Digital Forensics & Incident Response
Analytic modeling of SSD write performance
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
GANGRENE: exploring the mortality of flash memory
HotSec'12 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Security
Hybrid nonvolatile disk cache for energy-efficient and high-performance systems
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) - Special section on adaptive power management for energy and temperature-aware computing systems
Taking garbage collection overheads off the critical path in SSDs
Proceedings of the 13th International Middleware Conference
A mean field model for a class of garbage collection algorithms in flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Revisiting widely held SSD expectations and rethinking system-level implications
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
HEC: improving endurance of high performance flash-based cache devices
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
An empirical study of hot/cold data separation policies in solid state drives (SSDs)
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
Cooperating virtual memory and write buffer management for flash-based storage systems
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
ACM SIGOPS 24th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
X-Stream: edge-centric graph processing using streaming partitions
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
A comprehensive black-box methodology for testing the forensic characteristics of solid-state drives
Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
Ranking and new database architectures
Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Ranking in Databases
LLAMA: a cache/storage subsystem for modern hardware
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Analytic Models of SSD Write Performance
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
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Write amplification is a critical factor limiting the random write performance and write endurance in storage devices based on NAND-flash memories such as solid-state drives (SSD). The impact of garbage collection on write amplification is influenced by the level of over-provisioning and the choice of reclaiming policy. In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic model of write amplification for log-structured flash-based SSDs. Specifically, we quantify the impact of over-provisioning on write amplification analytically and by simulation assuming workloads of uniformly-distributed random short writes. Moreover, we propose modified versions of the greedy garbage-collection reclaiming policy and compare their performance. Finally, we analytically evaluate the benefits of separating static and dynamic data in reducing write amplification, and how to address endurance with proper wear leveling.