S/390 parallel enterprise server generation 3: a balanced system and cache structure
IBM Journal of Research and Development - Special issue: IBM S/390 G3 and G4
A high-frequency custom CMOS S/390 microprocessor
IBM Journal of Research and Development - Special issue: IBM S/390 G3 and G4
IBM's S/390 G5 Microprocessor Design
IEEE Micro
Custom S/390 G5 and G6 microprocessors
IBM Journal of Research and Development
The S/390 G5 floating-point unit
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Development and attributes of z/Architecture
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM eServer z900 high-frequency microprocessor technology, circuits, and design methodology
IBM Journal of Research and Development
The IBM eServer z990 microprocessor
IBM Journal of Research and Development
The IBM eServer z990 floating-point unit
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Millicode in an IBM zSeries processor
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fast decimal floating-point division
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Computers and Electrical Engineering
A survey of hardware designs for decimal arithmetic
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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The recent IBM ESA/390 CMOS line of processors, from 1997 to 1999, consisted of the G4, G5, and G6 processors. The architecture they implemented lacked 64-bit addressability and had only a limited set of 64- bit arithmetic instructions. The processors also lacked data and instruction bandwidth, since they utilized a unified cache. The branch performance was good, but there were delays due to conflicts in searching and writing the branch target buffer. Also, the hardware data compression and decimal arithmetic performance, though good, was in demand by database and COBOL programmers. Most of the performance concerns regarding prior processors were due to area constraints. Recent technology advances have increased the circuit density by 50 percent over that of the G6 processor. This has allowed the design of several performance-critical areas to be revisited. The end result of these efforts is the IBM eServer z900 processor, which is the first high-end processor based on the new 64-bit z/Architecture™.