The society of text: hypertext, hypermedia, and the social construction of information
Can computer personalities be human personalities?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Silicon sycophants: the effects of computers that flatter
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Are computers scapegoats?: attributions of responsibility in human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Speech interfaces from an evolutionary perspective
Communications of the ACM
The Media Equation Does Not Always Apply: People are not Polite Towards Small Computers
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Etiquette equality: exhibitions and expectations of computer politeness
Communications of the ACM - Human-computer etiquette
Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: review and suggested criteria
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Experience as a moderator of the media equation: the impact of flattery and praise
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Constructing computer-based tutors that are socially sensitive: Politeness in educational software
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The media equation and team formation: Further evidence for experience as a moderator
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters
Interacting with Computers
Social reactions toward people vs. computers: How mere lables shape interactions
Computers in Human Behavior
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Looking at human-computer interface design: Effects of ethnicity in computer agents
Interacting with Computers
The politeness effect: Pedagogical agents and learning outcomes
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Context-aware selection of politeness level for polite mobile service in Korea
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Information Systems Research
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Mindlessness and gaining compliance in Computer-Human Interaction
Computers in Human Behavior
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In this paper we replicate and extend the work of the Computers are Social Actors (CASA) researchers who repeatedly found evidence that humans treat computers with typical social norms as if they were humans. We performed a between-subjects 2x2 factorial experiment to test our hypotheses as well as an exploratory factor analysis to further refine and validate a construct which measures politeness. We retest the CASA hypothesis and found that our new hypothesis - Websites are Social Actors (WASA) reduces the CASA effect in contexts where individuals form a social attachment to websites instead of computers. We found evidence that suggests humans can exhibit politeness toward websites and literally (not virtually) treat them as social actors. Finally, we tease out the elements of politeness as a construct and identify the key items in the instrument for data reduction, and initiate efforts towards establishing reliability and construct validity. As we shall see, the results of an exploratory factor analysis are quite consistent to recent research in social cognition, and suggest that the politeness construct may be tapping similar and fundamental components of how humans engage with others in their social world.