Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Perceptual metrics for character animation: sensitivity to errors in ballistic motion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Group behavior from video: a data-driven approach to crowd simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Smooth movers: perceptually guided human motion simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Perceptual evaluation of position and orientation context rules for pedestrian formations
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Simulating believable crowd and group behaviors
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2010 Courses
A statistical similarity measure for aggregate crowd dynamics
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2012
Within-crowd immersive evaluation of collision avoidance behaviors
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
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In this article, we evaluate the effects of position, orientation, and camera viewpoint on the plausibility of pedestrian formations. In a set of three perceptual studies, we investigated how humans perceive characteristics of virtual crowds in static scenes reconstructed from annotated still images, where the orientations and positions of the individuals have been modified. We found that by applying rules based on the contextual information of the scene, we improved the perceived realism of the crowd formations when compared to random formations. We also examined the effect of camera viewpoint on the plausibility of virtual pedestrian scenes, and we found that an eye-level viewpoint is more effective for disguising random behaviors, while a canonical viewpoint results in these behaviors being perceived as less realistic than an isometric or top-down viewpoint. Results from these studies can help in the creation of virtual crowds, such as computer graphics pedestrian models or architectural scenes, and identify situations when users' perception is less accurate.