CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human performance using computer input devices in the preferred and non-preferred hands
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Two-handed input in a compound task
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Two pointer input for 3D interaction
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
The design of a GUI paradigm based on tablets, two-hands, and transparency
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
The PadMouse: facilitating selection and spatial positioning for the non-dominant hand
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction and modeling techniques for desktop two-handed input
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The role of kinesthetic reference frames in two-handed input performance
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Issues and techniques in touch-sensitive tablet input
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SmartSkin: an infrastructure for freehand manipulation on interactive surfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ThumbSense: automatic input mode sensing for touchpad-based interactions
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
Touch&Type: a novel pointing device for notebook computers
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
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Although two-handed input can improve both efficiency and quality of user interaction, it is not commonly adopted as it requires additional input devices. In this paper we propose two-handed interaction on standard hardware - notebooks with external mouse - and for a common task - 2D scrolling. We introduce four techniques that leverage the built-in touchpad as a dedicated scrolling device for the non-dominant hand, for scenarios in which the mouse is used in parallel for object selection and manipulation tasks. The techniques implement relative scrolling, flicking, absolute positioning and token-based input on the touchpad. We present an empirical evaluation of these techniques in a task that simulates activities such as retouching of photos, or interaction with maps, in which users often switch between mouse interaction and scrolling. The results show initially best performance with relative scrolling as a familiar mapping, but strong learning effects for all techniques. Users had difficulty with absolute mapping of touchpad input due to a tendency to clutching and finger repositioning, but we observed that these problems are compensated when a token is used as absolute input device.